1. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Troubled World into Which Jesus Was Born

2. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Key Topics/Themes The division of Alexander’s empire after his death The influence of Rome in Palestine

3. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alexander and His Successors The conquests of Alexander The Diadochi: Alexander’s successors  The Ptolemies (descendants of Ptolemy I)  The Seleucids (descendants of Seleucus)

4. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Antiochus’s Persecution and the Maccabean Revolt

5. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Palestine and the Hellenistic Kingdoms The Seleucids gain control of Palestine from the Ptolemies (199 B.C.E.) The rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175- 163 B.C.E.)

6. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163 B.C.E.) Forced Hellenization upon the Jews Outlawed the traditions of Judaism Made Jerusalem Temple into shrine to Greek god Zeus The martyrdoms endured by the Hasidim (“pious ones”)

7. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Torah Loyalism, Martyrdom, and the Reward of Future Life Torah loyalism and martyrdom in 2 Maccabees Torah loyalism and martyrdom in the Book of Daniel

8. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Maccabean Revolt (166-142 B.C.E.) The defiance of Mattathias Judas Maccabeus (the “Hammer”) Rededication of the Temple, December 164 B.C.E. The Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah) The Hasmonean dynasty (142-40 B.C.E.)

9. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Domination of Rome Roman general Pompey marches on Palestine (63 B.C.E.) Jewish Hasmonean kings reduced to client rulers by Roman power

10. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Career of Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.E.) Herod’s political expansion Herod’s building projects  Fortresses (Masada)  Port city of Caesarea  Refurbishment of Jerusalem Temple

11. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Herod’s Successors Herod’s three sons  Herod Philip (4 B.C.E.-34 C.E.)  Herod Antipas (4 B.C.E.-39 C.E.)  Herod Archelaus (4 B.C.E.-6 C.E.) Judea ruled by procurators after 6 C.E. Other significant descendants  Herod Agrippa I (41-44 B.C.E.)  Herod Agrippa II

12. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Roman Emperors Augustus (27-14 C.E.) Tiberius (14-37 C.E.) New Testament attitudes toward Rome  Jesus’ criticisms of Roman power  Key roles of Roman soldiers in Jesus ministry  Paul’s accommodating stance  Revelation: Rome an evil “harlot”

13. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Jewish Revolts Against Rome First revolt (66-73 C.E.)  Incited by Jewish nationalists  Crushed by Vespasian and Titus  Jerusalem and Temple destroyed (70 C.E.)  Chief historical source: Flavius Josephus The bar Kochba rebellion (132-135 C.E.)

14. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Summary Jesus’ life framed by Jewish wars for independence  Maccabean revolt (166-142 B.C.E.)  First Jewish revolt (66-73 C.E.)  Bar Kochba revolt (132-135 C.E.) Jesus’ words and deeds to be interpreted in the context of seething Jewish nationalism