2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, 2400 miles of road connected most major cities

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

7. Erie Canal System

8. “Clinton’s Ditch”  Began in 1817  Completed by 1825  Irish Immigration (dangerous jobs)

9. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

10. Principal Canals in 1840

11. Inland Freight Rates

12. “Yankee” Clipper Ships

13. Railroads (1830) “The Iron Horse” 1830  13 miles of track [Baltimore & Ohio RR] 1830  13 miles of track [Baltimore & Ohio RR] 1850  9,000 miles 1850  9,000 miles 1860  31,000 miles!!! 1860  31,000 miles!!!

14. Railroad Revolution c. 1850  Immigrant labor built the N. RRs  Irish  Slave labor built the S. RRs

16. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 patents!

17. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793

18. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

19. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

20. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

21. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

22. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

23. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

24. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

25.  They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: “Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.”

27. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

28. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

29. Lowell System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

30. Lowell in 1850

31. Lowell Mill

32. Early Textile Loom

33. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

34. New England Dominance in Textiles

35. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

36. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

37. Early “Union” Newsletter

38. Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * 1 st Union, NYC Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). - Unions legal, but only at STATE level

40. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

41. American Population Centers in 1820

42. American Population Centers in 1860

43. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

44. Anti-Irish Sentiments

45. Anti-Catholicism

46. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

47. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

48. ECONOMIC? SOCIAL? POLITICAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?