1. The High and Late Middle Ages
Chapter 8
Page 242

2. Section 1 Royal Power Grows
A. Between 1000 and 1300, monarchs across Europe began consolidating their power
The modern nations would begin to emerge

3. B. English Kings Anglo Saxons conquered Britain
Began calling it England
Became more unified under King Edward
However, Edward died without heir
Nobles chose Harold
However, William, Duke of Normandy said was promised throne
Invaded and defeated Harold at Battle of Hastings
Became William The Conqueror

4. Came up with Doomsday book
William was French
Came up with Doomsday book
Better way to tax the people
King Henry educated
Came up with common law-
Jury-
However, would start to have conflict with church
Who had more power? Taxes each other?
Henry’s hot headed knights???

5. C. Evolving Traditions of Govt
King John-not a nice guy
Lost lands in France to King Phillip II of France
Was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III
English Nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta
Also guaranteed Due Process of the Law and Habeas corpus

6. Development of Parliament
English Kings would summon Parliament to discuss certain items
Eventually would become permanent with two houses
House of Lords
House of Commons
Had the power to levy taxes

7. D. Successful Monarchs in France
France remained a patchwork of power lords much longer than England
Hugh Capet in 987 was elected King of areas around Paris
Eventually, his ancestors would consolidate the lands of France
Capetian Kings lasted 300 years- hereditary

8. Phillip II- Ruthless, conquered lands that English Nobles held in France
Louis IX and Saint- very pius- crusaded for the church and was sainted 30 years after his death
However, Louis grandson Phillip the IV clashed with church- tried to tax church
Eventually, papacy was “kidnapped” and brought back to Avignon France
Estates General?

9. Section 2 The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
A. The Holy Roman Empire
During 1000’s, the power of monarchs was on the rise in Europe
Popes struggled to keep power over these monarchs
Holy Roman Empire

10. B. Otto I 962- Otto helps pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles
Crowns him Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Mostly Modern day Germany and Italy
Tried to keep control, but local control dominated
Local lords

11. C. Feud between Pope and Emperor
Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII would come into conflict
Who had more power? Church or State
Gregory banned Lay investiture- put church under state jurisdiction
Gregory excommunicated Henry
Henry backed down
Concordat of Worms- compromise

12. D. Struggle for Italy Frederick Barbarossa becomes Holy Roman Emperor
Tries to take over all of Italy
His son Frederick II also failed to take Italy
Germany remained disunited for almost 600 more years

13. E. Church Power Reaches Its Height
Pope Innocent III declared Papal supremacy over all monarchs
Any leader who defied him, he excommunicated
1209- launched Albigensian Crusade in Southern France that killed Christians that did not adhere to official church doctrine

14. Section 3 The Crusades and the Wider World
A. Loss of the Holy Land
In the 1000’s, world cultures were beginning to interact more and more
Byzantine empire came into conflict with Seljuk Turks
The lost Asia Minor and more importantly the Holy Land-1071
Holy Pilgrimages could not cross into Muslim lands

15. B. The Crusades
Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called on Pope Urban II for Christian aid to put fight against Muslims
Council of Clermont Pope called on Christians to liberate Holy Land
GOD WILLS IT
Thousands of Knights converge on Jerusalem
Religion, wealth, honor, adventure

16. Second Crusade- Sent to reinforce the Crusader states
Pope had motives too
Increase papal power
Bring Eastern Orthodox back under pope’s control
First Crusade- Actually succeeded in taking Jerusalem- established 4 crusader states
Slaughtered everyone in the city
Second Crusade- Sent to reinforce the Crusader states
Failed, Muslims took Jerusalem
Muslim Leader Saladin

17. 3rd Crusade- Failed to retake Jerusalem
Famous Crusade- Richard the Lion Hearted
4th Crusade- Got sidetracked-
Actually sacked the Christian city of Constantinople
5th Crusade- Also Failed
Last Christian stronghold fell in Port of Acre

18. C. Impact of the Crusade
Crusaders brought back goods from foreign countries they would continue to want
Economy’s based on currency
Needed money to raise armies
Church’s power rose and declined
Power of Monarchs increased
Europeans would continue to expand their influence into the rest of the world

19. D. The Reconquista Religious intolerance would continue
Muslim Moors had conquered Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella would finish Reconquista to expel Muslim invaders which took 200 years
Completed in 1492
Then expelled Jews and Muslims
Inquisition- get rid of heretics and other religions in Spain

20. Section 4 Learning and Culture Flourish
A. Medieval Universities Emerge
1100’s- Gov’t bureaucracies and clergy need educated people to handle daily business
Universities spring up around Europe- Salerno and Bologna
Students life
5am to 10 am classes, lunch, classes to 5 pm, rest of night to study
Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic
Attending 3 to 7 years

21. B. Europeans Acquire “New” Learning
1100’s, Muslims had translated Greek and Roman literature
This was translated into Latin which was brought to Europe
Some classical studies contradicted church teachings
Scholasticism- tried to use reason to reaffirm church teachings- all should lead to same end

22. Thomas Aquinas- Faith and reason New Approaches to Science and Math
Studied Greek and Roman methods
Adopted Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals

23. C. Medieval Literature
Works begin appearing in the Vernacular- language of the region- English- French
Epics- Song of Roland
Dante’s Divine Comedy- Dante Alighieri- journey from Heaven to hell
Canterbury Tales- Geoffrey Chaucer

24. D. Architecture and Art Early Cathedrals dark and enclosed
Gothic Style- Relied on Flying Buttresses to hold up huge church ceilings- could then leave large windows to let in large amounts of light
Stained Glass Windows-
Illuminations-

25. Section 5 A Time of Crisis
A. Black Death
1347- traders from Genoa arrive in Messina bringing the Bubonic Plague
It shortly spreads through the rest of Europe and parts of Asia
Kills 1 in 3
Spreads from flees on rats to people
Epidemic kills millions

26. Normal life breaks down
Many think God is punishing the earth
Jews and other religions blamed
Inflation and wages rise
Some people isolate themselves
Much land is converted to herding grounds putting many out of work
Takes 100 years to recover from effects of the plague

27. B. Upheaval in the Church
Many monks and priest killed
Pope moved to Avignon France- living in Luxury
Sometimes as many as 3 popes fighting for control
Schism
Eventually, all popes discredited and compromise pope Martin V elected and sent back to Rome

28. John Wycliffe and Jan Hus lead many away from church
Why do priest live in such luxury? They are corrupt
Translate Bible into English and other languages
Don’t have to rely on the church
Many executed as heretics

29. C. Hundreds Year War Between 1337 and 1453
English try to hold onto French lands as France tries to unite it’s territory
English Victories
Crecy in 1346, Poitiers in 1356, Agincourt 1415
Longbow was deadly weapon

30. D. Joan of Arc 1429- 17 year old peasant claims sent by God
Leads French Army to several victories
Captured and burned as a witch
However, rallied French to many victories
Cannon also helped
More powerful weapons made knights obsolete
Castles and private armies became less powerful as monarchs turned to profession paid armies