1. Human Genetics and the Pedigree

2. Section Objectives Understand how different mutations occur. Be able to identify different diseases and disorders.

3. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301 Some mutations seem to just happen, but many mutations are caused by factors in the environment. Any agent that can cause a change in DNA is called a mutagen. Mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and even high temperatures. Causes of Mutations

4. Human Traits are Affected By: 1. Dominant and recessive genes that are inherited 2. Environmental Factors like diet and exercise

5. Mutations in Reproductive Cells Gamete: Sex Cells Zygote: Fertilized egg Human diploid cell has 46 chromosomes Human Haploid cell has 23 chromosomes

6. Occurs by changing the sequence in a sperm or an egg cell. If this cell is involved in fertilization, the offspring has the mutation. The mutation may produce a new trait or it may result in a protein that does not work correctly. Sometimes, it is nonfunctional, and the embryo may not survive. Mutations in reproductive cells

7. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301 A cell’s DNA is changed, this mutation would not be passed on to offspring. Damage to a gene may impair the function of the cell. Some mutations of DNA in body cells affect genes that control cell division. This can result in the cells growing and dividing rapidly, producing cancer. Mutations in body cells/autosomes

8. Sex linked Traits/Disorders Carried on either the X or the Y chromosome Different diseases –Colorblindness: Caused by genes on the X chromosome, causes people not to make pigments in the eye needed for color

9. Sex Linked Traits/Disorders Colorblindness: Most people with this disorder cannot distinguish between reds and greens Why does this affect mostly males? 8% of males less than 1% of females

10. Sex Linked Traits/Disorders Hemophilia: free bleeders, people that lack a factor for normal blood clotting 1:10,000 males 1:100,000,000 females

11. Sex Linked Traits/Disorders Muscular Dystrophy: progressive wasting of skeletal muscle. A defective gene that codes for a muscle protein dystrophin and is located on the X chromosome

12. Chromosomal and Gene Mutations A mistake on one or more of the segments in DNA in either the gene or the chromosome Types: deletion, inversion, translocation and nondisjunction

13. In nondisjunction, both chromosomes of a homologous pair move to the same pole of the cell during meiosis I anaphase. Types: Down Syndrome (trisomy 21): mental retardation, extra 21 chromosome Klinefelter Syndrome: extra X chromosome with the Y chromosome (male) Turner Syndrome: missing X chromosome (female) Nondisjunction

14. Turner Syndrome: appear female but are sterile (XO) no second sex chromosome present 1:1,000 births Klinefelter Syndrome: male in appearance but are sterile (XXY) there is a second X chromosome present 1:1,000 births

15. Nondisjunction Down’s Syndrome: nondisjunction of autosomes (trisomy 21) There is an extra copy of chromosome 21. Results in Mental Retardation mild to severe, short neck, eyes spaced apart, short webbed fingers

16. Tests to Detect Chromosomal Abnormalities 1. Amniocentesis – remove a small amount of amniotic fluid 2. Chorionic Villus Biopsy – sample of embryo cells from the choroin (placental tissue)

17. Inherited Traits Blood Types: A, B, AB, O RH Factor: + or – ( used to determine the risk of hemophilia) A has the A antigen on red blood cells and the B antibody in plasma B has the B antigen on red blood cells and the A antibody in plasma

18. Blood Types Cont: AB has bot A and B antigens in red blood cells but neither A or B antibodies in plasma O has neither A or B antigens in red blood cells but has both A and B antibodies in plasma

19. Blood Donation Rules Negative Blood is given to negative blood type Positive Blood or negative blood can be given to positive patients Universal red blood cell Donor is O- Universal plasma donor is AB+

20. Red blood cells are moon shaped and deprive organs of oxygen Can result in death Mostly in African Americans 10% African Americans 40% of African Population Sickle Cell Anemia

21. Huntington Disease: nervous system disorder with loss of muscle control, mental deterioration and death starts from age 30 to 40. Cystic fibrosis: thickening of mucus lining in lungs. PKU: can develop into retardation (prevented if caught at birth) Other Genetic Disorders

22. Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by many genes Examples: height, weight, skin color This is why children of 1 couple skin color height and weight may vary

23. Interpret a pedigree. Identify human genetic disorders caused by inherited recessive alleles. Analyze the pattern of sex-linked inheritance. Section Objectives:

24. A pedigree is a diagram made up of a set of symbols that identify males and females, individuals affected by the trait being studied, and family relationships. Carriers (have 1 copy of the recessive allele) Pedigrees illustrate inheritance

25. Male Female Affected male Affected female Mating Parents Siblings Known heterozygotes for recessive allele Death

26. Section Objectives: Discuss new methods in genetic technology.

27. A new form of manipulation that biologists created where they can engineer a set of genetic changes directly into an organisms DNA Genetic Engineering

28. CLONING The production of organisms with identical genes

29. Determines what genes are carried on each chromosome of the human Helped in diagnosis of many inherited diseases and will lead to many advances in our future Human Genome Project