1. Page 1 Slides for FR Technical Conference Office of Electric Reliability September 2010

2. Page 2 Frequency Response Basics (Using a 1400 MW generation loss event as an example) Page 2

3. Page 3 Frequency Response Basics

4. Page 4 August 4, 2007 1744 Hours Event Source: 2010. NERC Overview of Frequency Response. NERC A B1 B3B2 FRCC Under-frequency load shed level

5. Page 5 Frequency Performance Arresting PeriodRebound PeriodRecovery Period

6. Page 6 ERCOT May 15, 2003 Event ERCOT UFLS level Source: ERCOT

7. Page 7 ERCOT May 15, 2003 1453 Event Source: ERCOT

8. Page 8 Source: MISO Reliability Subcommittee

9. Page 9 Source: MISO Reliability Subcommittee

10. Page 10 Source: MISO Reliability Subcommittee

11. Page 11 Frequency Recordings from Different Locations within the Western Interconnection Following the Sudden Loss of a Large Generator Source: Courtesy of Genscape

12. Page 12 Basic Representation of System Frequency Governing Page 12

13. Page 13 Illustration of Frequency Response for a 3% generation loss

14. Page 14 Simple Test System System size is 100 GW 3 GW of generation tripped All generators have inertia of 4 seconds Load damping D=1 Baseloaded generation does not response to frequency, produces the same MWs Responsive generation has droop setting of 5% and head room of 3GW

15. Page 15 Different speed of reponse of “responsive” units Blue = gas-turbine unit on governor control Red = (fast) hydro-power unit on governor control Green = (ideal) steam-turbine unit on governor control

16. Page 16 Nadir Frequency will greatly depend on how reserves are allocated On the left side, all the reserves are put on a single unit. On the right, the reserves are spread among three units. With the same droop setting, the frequency drop for the case on the left case will be three times the frequency drop for the case on the right side.

17. Page 17 Importance of Deployment Rate 20 GW of generating capacity (red) 25 GW of generating capacity (blue) 30 GW if generating capacity (green)

18. Page 18 Frequency Response Sustainability Blue = frequency response is sustained Red = generator has a “slow” load controller returning to MW set-point

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21. Page 21 2,812 MW RAS event June 17, 2002

22. Page 22 2,815 MW RAS event on May 20, 2008

23. Page 23 West Wing fault in Arizona on June 14, 2004: 3,900 MW lost at 0 seconds on plot scale

24. Page 24 West Wing fault in Arizona on June 14, 2004: Captain – Jack – Olinda 500-kV line was out of service during the disturbance