1. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CARTILAGE DEFORMATION WITH ELECTROKINETIC COUPLING  2004-2011 ITC Software All rights reserved.

2. One-dimension model creep response of human SMS =0.45  =1.1  10 3 kg/m 3  f =1  10 3 kg/m 3 n=0.7 k=0.5  10 -14 m 4 /Ns K s =1.91  10 7 N/m 2 K f =1  10 8 N/m 2 L=2.4  10 -3 m p 0 =10 6 N/m 2 FEM-1: E=8.6  10 5 N/m 2 FEM-2: E=4.6  10 5 N/m 2

3. Dynamic response of human spinal motion segment (SMS)

4. Von Mises stress distribution in the solid matrix for the second time step

5. Von Mises stress distribution in the solid matrix for the fourth time step

6. Axial loading 400 N NucleusAnnulus Normal discusk=1.0e -13 m 4 /Nsk=1.0e -15 m 4 /Ns Degenerative discusk=1.0e -12 m 4 /Nsk=1.0e -14 m 4 /Ns Displacement of the top of the model

7. Axial loading 1000 N NucleusAnnulus Normal discusk=1.0e -13 m 4 /Nsk=1.0e -15 m 4 /Ns Degenerative discusk=1.0e -12 m 4 /Nsk=1.0e -14 m 4 /Ns Fluid pressure at the center of nucleus

8. Stress distribution in the solid matrix of the lumbar motion segment under sagittal moment 60 Nm

9. Variation of sagittal plane rotations with sagittal plane moments with and without electrokinetical coupling (EKC )

10. ANIMATION

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