1. Ionospheric Current and Aurora CSI 662 / ASTR 769 Lect. 12 Spring 2007 April 24, 2007 References: Prolss: Chap. 7.1-7.6, P349-379 (main) Tascione: Chap. 8, P. 99 – 112 (supplement)

2. Topics Polar Upper Atmosphere Ionospheric Currents Aurorae Ionosphere and magnetosphere coupling

3. Ionosphere Currents

4. Fast and Slow Wind Polar Upper Atmosphere Polar Cap: ~ 30° Polar oval: a few degree Subpolar latitude

5. Fast and Slow Wind Polar Upper Atmosphere Magnetic field connection Polar Cap: magnetotail lobe region, open Polar oval: plasma sheet, open Subpolar latitude: conjugate dipole field, closed

6. Fast and Slow Wind Convection and Electric Field Polar cap electric field E pc Dawn to dusk direction E pc = 10 mV/m Polar cap potential: ~ 30 kV from 6 LT to 18 LT, over 3000 km

7. Fast and Slow Wind Convection and Electric Field Polar cap electric field originates from solar wind dynamo electric field Same direction Same overall electric potential drop Electric field is ~ 40 times as strong as in solar wind

8. Convection and Electric Field Polar cap convection Caused by EXB drift anti-sunward Drift time scale cross the polar cap ~ 2 hours Drift velocity = 500 m/s, when E=10 mV/m, and B=20000 nT

9. Fast and Slow Wind Convection and Electric Field Polar oval electric field E o Dusk to dawn direction, opposite to polar cap field E 0 = 30 mV/m Counter-balance the polar cap field Polar oval convection Sunward convection Form a close loop with the polar cap convection Two convection cells

10. Fast and Slow Wind Convection and Electric Field Polar oval electric field E o Dusk to dawn direction, opposite to polar cap field E 0 = 30 mV/m Counter-balance the polar cap field Polar oval convection Sunward convection Form a close loop with the polar cap convection Two convection cells

11. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Current Pederson current: perpendicular B, parallel E ; horizontal Hall current: perpendicular B, perpendicular E ; horizontal Burkeland current: parallel to B ; vertical

12. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Current Birkeland current: Field-aligned current Region 1 current: on the poleward side of the polar oval Region 2 current: on the equatorward side of the polar oval

13. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Current Pederson current flows from dawn to dusk in the polar cap Pederson current flows radially in the polar oval, dusk to dawn Pederson current forms a closed loop with Burkeland currents in the two boundary regions: region 1 and 2 Hall current direction is opposite to the convection, because ions drift slower than the electrons Westward at the dawn sector Eastward at the dusk sector

14. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Conductivity Deriving conductivity σ is to find the drift velocity under the E in the three components: Birkeland σ: parallel to B Pederson σ: parallel to E, E per B Hall σ: per E and B

15. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Conductivity Parallel conductivity For plasmas (without neutral), Coulomb collision Force equilibrium: Electric force = frictional force No Lorentz force

16. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Conductivity Transverse conductivity Force equilibrium: Electric force + magnetic force= frictional force

17. Fast and Slow Wind Ionosphere Conductivity Transverse conductivity Maximum conductivity: Transverse conductivity, especially Hall, confines to a rather narrow range of height (~ 125 km), the so called dynamo layer

18. Aurora Image taken near Richmond VA, Oct 29, 2003

20. Akasofu, Secrets of the Aurora

21. Patches and Bands Akasofu, Secrets of the Aurora

22. Aurora Form Discrete: arcs, bands, rays, patches Diffuse Height: > 100 km Orientation Vertical: along the magnetic field line Horizontal: primarily east-west direction Colors and emitting elements O: red (630.0 nm, 630.4 nm), yellow-green (557.7 nm) N 2 + : blue-violet (391.4 nm – 470 nm) N 2 : dark red (650 nm – 680 nm) Intensity: up to a few 100 kR (kilo Rayleigh)

23. Aurora Aurorae are caused by the incidence of energetic particles onto the upper atmosphere Particles move-in along the open polar magnetic fields The particles are mostly electrons in the energy range of ~100 ev to 10 kev. Ions are also observed

24. Aurora Processes Primary collision Scattering (elastic collision) Collisional ionization Collisional dissociation Collisional excitation Secondary process Secondary ionization Secondary dissociation Secondary scattering Charge exchange Dissociation exchange Excitation exchange Dissociative recombination Radiative recombination Collisional quenching Energy conversion: 1% radiation 50% heating 30% chemical energy Other: scatter back to magnetosphere

25. The Rayleigh (R): A Basic Unit for measuring Aurora-Airglow Emissions One R corresponds to the emission rate of 10 6 photons per second radiated isotropically from an atmospheric column with a base area of 1 cm 2 Brightness of the Milky Way Galaxy: 1 kR

26. Auroral Particles Not solar wind particles Particles are from magnetotail plasma sheet, with which the polar oval is magnetically connected Diffuse aurora convection and subsequent pitch angle diffusion of plasma sheet particles Discrete aurora Produced by higher energy electrons (Ee > 1 keV) Plasma sheet electron (Ee < 1 keV) Additional acceleration is needed Acceleration along magnetic field-aligned electric fields Double layer Plasma instability produces localized potential differences

27. Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Region 1 current Magnetotail current is re-directed to the ionosphere Also produce auroral oval electrojet Energy is from solar wind dynamo Energy is dissipated in the ionosphere through Joule heating

28. Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Region 2 current Associated magnetic field lines end in the equatorial plane of the dawn and dusk magnetosphere at a geocentric distance of L ≈ 7-10 Driven by excess charge in the dawn and dusk sectors of the dipole field, caused by different particle paths of electrons and ions

29. Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Drift of particles from the plasma sheet At small L, curvature- gradient drift dominates Particles can only drift to within a certain distance of the dipole Ions and electrons drifts in different direction along the dipole There is a forbidden zone for ions (electrons) Excess charges accumulate

30. The End