1. SiD Machine Detector Interface (MDI) Tom Markiewicz/SLAC ALCW 2015, KEK, Japan 23 April 2015

2. MDI Activities (I) Backgrounds and Detector Design –Primary particles produced in the beam-beam interaction Disrupted e- or e+ beam (off energy, off angle), beamstrahlung photons, e+e- pairs, hadrons –Muons from beam halo scraping in the collimation system –Synchrotron radiation (SR) photons, especially from the final doublet –Secondary particles in detector after primary particles strike something Beam gas interactions e+e- pairs striking BeamCal cause backgrounds in VXD, Tracker and Calorimeters Neutrons streaming back from beam dumps Accelerator Design –Work closely with the BDS “Beam Delivery System” group Collimation system, Final Focus, Extraction Line –Work with the LEP “Luminosity, Energy & Polarization” group –Work with those selecting IP spot parameters Detector Design –Beampipe and BeamCal in particular –Detector resident masks, apertures 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 2 of 40

3. MDI Activities (II) Engineering –Work with the magnet designers: QD0 and QF1 especially May be possible to shorten QD0/QF1 &/or change crossing angle –Work with mechanical engineers: Location, support & alignment of everything within r<30cm out to z=9.5m Push-pull mechanical and cryogenic systems –Work with civil engineers: underground IR Hall, above ground Assembly Hall Multidisciplinary: –Radiation protection: self-shielding, “PACMAN” design, etc. Shielding design and radiation calculations –Vibration measurement & control, especially of QD0 –Alignment, especially of QD0 –Metrology Frequency Scanning Interferometer to re-establish alignment after a push-pull –Cryo: guaranteeing system, lines, interconnects consistent with detector design and push-pull operation –Vacuum for z<200m –Feedback to stabilize/maximize Luminosity: “FONT” BPM and Kicker –Beam commissioning with or without detectors 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 3 of 40

4. MDI People The Future –Everything that has been done to produce the LOI/DBD will need to be re-done in the context of the Japanese site specific design Many results used for the design are >7 years old Details have changed yet not been incorporated into a self-consistent collection of results Design changes: new L* desired by AD&I team “Value Engineering” should be applied as ILC project comes on the mass shell –A new team must learn how to use existing tools or develop better tools –Many projects have not begun or have been abandoned for lack of available personnel Past contributors (partial list): –Takashi Maruyama & Lew Keller (backgrounds) –Mike Woods, Mike Hildreth(NDU), Eric Torrence (UO), Ken Moffeit (LEP Issues) –Mario Santana (FLUKA radiations calculations) –Wes Craddock (Solenoid & Yoke design; Cryo) –Marty Breidenbach, Phil Burrows(OU), Marco Oriunno, TWM (all) –Brett Parker, Andy Marone & Bill Sporre (BNL QD0) –Bill Cooper(FNAL), Mike Sullivan, Sasha Novokhatski (Beam Pipe, Vacuum, HOM Heating) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 4 of 40

5. SiD 4.1/9.5m FD with FB Kicker Behind QD0 (Door Closed) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC HCALDoor YokePACMAN QD0 Cryostat QF1 Cryostat QD0 L*=4.1m QF1 L*=9.5m QD0 Service Pipe FB Kicker BPMs BeamCal PolyCarbonate LumiCal W Mask Beampipe ECALECAL Movers Beampipe Spider Support Bellows & Flange 117cm 156cm Valves/ Pumps 5 of 40

6. SiD 4.1/9.5m FD with FB Kicker Behind QD0 (Door Closed) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC HCALDoor Yoke QD0 Cryostat QF1 Cryostat QD0 L*=4.1m QF1 L*=9.5m QD0 Service Pipe FB Kicker BPMs BeamCal PolyCarbonate LumiCal W Mask Beampipe ECALECAL Movers Beampipe Spider Support Bellows & Flange 117cm 156cm Valves/ Pumps 2.8m 6 of 40

7. SiD Schematic (Door Open 2.8m) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC HCAL Door Yoke QD0 L*=4.1m QF1 L*=9.5m QD0 Service Cryostat FB Kicker PACMAN Barrel Yoke Solenoid Cryostat HCAL Cryo Chiller 7 of 40

8. “Recent(?) Past” MDI Projects 2011-12 for DBD: –Add real vacuum components to beamline to make sure it is buildable –QD0 Support Tube and Magnet Mover System –Frequency Scanning Interferometer System –Vacuum and High Order Mode Calculations Older: –Self Shielding Calculations (2010?) –PACMAN Engineering (2008?) –Beam-Beam Backgrounds, DID/Anti-DID, Apertures (2006 and for “SB2009”) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Hot Topic Again 8 of 40

9. Granada LCWS’11 Engineering Model Go from PPT Engineering to COTS parts 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC G. Anzalone/SLAC Transitions Critical 9 of 40

10. More Aggressive Bellows Design 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Assume functionality of double multi-convolution bellows provided by bellows outboard of the VXD support Need to ensure adequate clearance between beampipe and all FCAL components Suggested that this bellows “comes for free” if back end of cone appropriately engineered Handshake with QD0/FCAL Support Scheme Essential Rejected Conservative Design 2-multi & 1-single convolution bellows to allow FCAL position & VXD angle adjust 22% Evts in LumiCal lost 10 of 40

11. Vacuum: Still Assumes QD0 Cryo-Pump Only, But….. 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC (“Virtual”?) Single Convolution Bellow in front of BeamCAL Recent suggestion to eliminate individual beampipes within BeamCal and the Low-Z absorber for better conductance Previous Version Implication to reduced BeamCal acceptance not yet considered 11 of 40

12. Space Behind BeamCal Increased from 100mm→277mm to accommodate BPM 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC W-Mask to protect QD0 from Pairs Common or Individual bellows 4-electrode 100mm stripline 1um resolution BPM (2 nd BPM Now Requested) Increased separation to accommodate bellows, BPM and flanges 12 of 40

13. Transverse Space Behind BeamCal Tightly Constrained 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Electro-mechanical Design of Fast Feedback BPM & Kicker by S. Smith/SLAC 2006 13 of 40

14. Evolution of QD0-QF1 region (L* = 3.5m Design; needs updating) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Valve/Pump Out/RGA assemblies near QF1 end QD0 Service Line to 2K chiller extended maximally to rear Support tube behind QD0 extends to allow 2.8m door opening transitioning to a half-cylinder for access Door platesDoor Ring 5683mm QD0 Service Line Wedge Alignment System in Pockets in Door Ring Back end of QD0 6933mm Back end of Support Tube Valve Assembly 550mm FB Kicker 8090mm from IP FB BPM G. Anzalone/SLAC Front QD0 3283mm Front QD0 9236mm 14 of 40

15. Plan & Elevation Views of Disconnect & Pumpout Valves Required for Rapid Push-Pull 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 1-1/2” Gate Valves Formed Bellows & Disconnect Flanges Angle Valve for Roughout Pump G. Anzalone/SLAC Ion Pumps All Vacuum Parts from MDC Catalog 15 of 40

16. Integration of the QD0 cryoline Hilman Rollers QD0 service cryostat He2 cryoline Ancillary platform T. Markiewicz/SLAC 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 16 of 40 M. Oriunno/SLAC

17. BNL Design of QD0 Support and Alignment System ANSYS analysis of QD0 outer can in either original 0.25” or suggested 1” thickness shows unacceptable deformation of cold mass support structure BNL designed an external support tube and a compact mover system 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Bill Sporre/BNL Bolt Hole Rotation Pt. 17 of 40

18. Support Tube Analysis Weight Distribution When LumiCal & BeamCal Supported on Extension of QD0 Cryostat Support Tube 980 kg QD0 908 kg M. Oriunno/SLAC 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 Needs Updating after L* Change to 4.1m

19. Displacements (mm) VM Stresses (Kgf/mm 2 ) Door Closed: 100um deflection At LumiCal Supports M. Oriunno/SLAC 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 19 of 40 Needs Updating after L* Change to 4.1m

20. Displacements (mm) VM Stresses (Kgf/mm 2 ) 2.8 m Door Open 2.8m: 6mm deflection At LumiCal VXDTracker Supports M. Oriunno/SLAC 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 20 of 40 Needs Updating after L* Change to 4.1m

21. QD0 Wedge Design Concept Total Pad Travel as is =.475in Height of pad and distance of displacement will be changed pending analysis on sagging of beam line. Conceptual design only at this point Motor & Drive Rod system not yet done Limit Switches Potentiometer Bill Sporre/BNL 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 Pads located in cutouts in iron ring to which door plates are welded 216<r<620mm

22. QD0 Wedge Design Concept Bill Sporre/BNL 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 Drive Shaft & motors also need work

23. Frequency Scanning Interferometry Pioneered by Armin Reichold et al at Oxford for ATLAS –Oxford has commercialized a system bought by LCLS to monitor adjustable gap undulator: many heads In SiD context, R&D program by Keith Riles et al at U. Michigan 2003-2007 (for SiD tracker) & 2011-2012 (for QD0) –Established an 8-channel optical table in Michigan lab –Verified 1-D, 2-D displacement measurements with sub-micron precision –Available equipment limits 3-D displacement test to few-micron precision, but should be fine –Developing corner cubes and customized beam launchers –Currently compact and light enough for MDI application, but not for SiD tracker 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 23 of 40

24. FSI Grid for Monitoring QD0 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Keith Riles, Hai-Jun Yang/U. Michigan QD0QF1 24 of 40

25. IP Vacuum VACCALC: “ A Method for Calculating Pressure Profiles in Vacuum Pipes”, SLAC-PEP-II-APNOTE-6-94 –The outgassing rate is taken to be 0.1 nTorrl/s/cm 2. 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC If cryo-pump only 136 nTorr If add 10 l/s pump 69 nTorr If add 20 l/s pump 46 nTorr M. Sullivan/SLAC 25 of 40

26. Beam-Beampipe Interaction at the IP and in QD0 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Sasha Novokhatski/SLAC Wakefields and Bunch field as beam passes BEAMCAL and LUMICAL Beam-induced wakefields result in power loss due to trapped higher order modes and resistive wall heating These have been calculated by A. Novokhatski for the current IR geometry using MAFIA and NOVO codes: See: http://ilcagenda.linearcollider.org/materialDisplay.py?contribId=2&materialId=slides&confId=5596 http://ilcagenda.linearcollider.org/materialDisplay.py?contribId=2&materialId=slides&confId=5596 Effects are very dependent on exact geometries, materials, shielding schemes and contact resistance 26 of 40

27. Summary of HOM Heating at IP Average power of the wake fields excited in IR is around 30 W for nominal parameters (6 kW pulsed) –90% from modes excited in pipe (geometry (R/Q) & frequency dependent) –10% from resistive wall heating In the QD0 region there is an additional ~4W from resistive losses in the pipes and wakefields, excited by pipe diameter changes, due to the shielded bellows –Flange edge size, contact resistance, coatings important Heating from BPMs and kickers must be added 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Full 3D LOI Beam Pipe (no bellows, flanges, or pump ports included) Sasha Novokhatski/SLAC 27 of 40

28. Self-Shielding and PACMAN PACMAN shields IR Area between the detector and the beam tunnel Current Concept has a SiD-mounted piece and a ILC/SiD common piece to accommodate different detector sizes and QD0 support schemes Figures of merit are “Total Dose” and “Dose Rate” –Relevant Japanese authorities need to be educated about the nature of ILC pulsed beams –Dose Rate limits (which seem artificially low given the short time scale of an “accident” (1ms)”) need to be re-evaluated Handling of PACMAN sub-pieces will likely determine underground crane requirements Design of UG IR Hall, tunnel lip that holds QF1, interface with platform motion system, QD0 support and push-pull all argue for active work in this area 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 28 of 40

29. 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC Electrical motor, low friction hinges Current SiD “PacMan” Rotating Hinged Design M. Oriunno, SLAC 29 of 40

30. T. Markiewicz/SLAC Geometry: pacman and SiD B-B’ SiD elevation at beam plane Small PACMAN SiD elevation at beam plane Large PACMAN 50 cm steel + 170 cm concrete 120 cm steel + 250 cm concrete M. Santana, SLAC, LCWS 2010 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW201530/40

31. MSL - SLAC31 20 R.L. Cu target in IP-9 m. Small pacman. 9 MW BEAM PLANEPENETRATION PLANE 9 MW µSv/event - 1000 µSv/event - 18000 mSv/h 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015T. Markiewicz/SLAC M. Santana, SLAC - 2010 LCWS Beijing 31/40

32. MSL - SLAC32 20 R.L. Cu target in IP @ 9 m. Large pacman. 9 MW BEAM PLANEPENETRATION PLANE 9 MW µSv/event - 10 µSv/event - 180 mSv/h 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015T. Markiewicz/SLAC M. Santana, SLAC - 2010 LCWS Beijing 32/40

33. Provisional conclusions Small pacman and pacman-cavern interface are sufficient in terms of dose per event. – Beam aborted after 1 Train However, the dose rates for the small pacman are very high: – Proven mechanisms should be installed to: avoid these accidents to occur shut off beam after 1 train (200 mS) – Possible Debates The large pacman complies with all criteria. The penetrations in the pacman don’t require local shielding. The shielding of the detector may be insufficient to comply with dose rate limit. Exclusion area? More studies ongoing (mis-steering…) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015T. Markiewicz/SLAC M. Santana, SLAC 33/40

34. Backgrounds & Forward Calorimetry All studies done by T. Maruyama in GEANT3 (pairs, SR) and FLUKA (Neutrons from Dump, Dose Rates) Last looked at for “SB 2009” IP Parameters and presented early 2011 Have not kept up with changes to nominal beam parameters, beam energy variations, or changes to FCAL Questions of DID/anti-DID implementation, “bent solenoid”, new L*, beampipe variants, etc. should be investigated 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC 34 of 40

35. SiD Forward Region LumiCal 20 layers of 2.5 mm W + 10 layers of 5.0 mm W BeamCal 50 layers of 2.5 mm W 3cm-thick Tungsten Mask 13cm-thick BoratedPoly Centered on the outgoing beam line ECAL Beampipe +/- 94 mrad (detector) +101 mrad, -87mrad (ext. line) 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC T. Maruyama SLAC 35/40

36. Pair edge and Beam pipe design Pt=0.032 Pz 0.43 Pt (GeV/c) Pz (GeV/c) Pairs develop a sharp edge and the beam pipe must be placed outside the edge. Find an analytical function of the edge in Pt vs. Pz space. Taking into account the crossing angle and solenoid field, draw helices in R vs. Z space. SB2009 500 GeV TF 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC T. Maruyama SLAC 36/40

37. SiD beam pipe and pairs edge Message: Aggressive Beampipe 500 GeV RDR Nominal 500 GeV RDR Low P 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC T. Maruyama SLAC 37/40

38. Detector-Integrated-Dipole Total pair energy into BeamCal is half. –10 TeV/BX vs. 20 TeV/BX with NO-DID. Pair distribution is symmetric and more confined. No. photons backscattering to the tracker is half. We want Anti-DID. DID SiD Solenoid 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC T. Maruyama SLAC 38/40

39. VXD hit density / train 100 hits/mm 2 6 hits/mm 2 Detector tolerance Use generic 1% pixel occupancy Dependent on sensor technology and readout sensitive window. –Standard CCD 20  m x 20  m 2500 pixels/mm 2 6 hits/mm 2 /sw (assuming 1 hit  4 pixels) –Fine pixel CCD 5  m x 5  m 40000 pixels/mm 2 100 hits/mm 2 /sw (assuming 1 hit  4 pixels) T. Maruyama SLAC 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC39/40

40. Summary Every area mentioned would benefit from increased collaboration and fresh ideas Prototypes and experimental verification of design will eventually be reqired. 2015.04.23 SiD MDI ALCW2015 T. Markiewicz/SLAC40/40