1. IPM in Soybean Dr. Amar N. Sharma Principal Scientist (Entomology) Directorate of Soybean Research (ICAR) Indore 452 001 (MP) [amarnathsharma2@gmail.com]

2. IPM !!!!!!!!!!!

3. Integrated Pest Management Integrated use of all possible measures to keep insect-pest population below ETL

4. Limitations in adoption of IPM  Lack of awareness  Easy access to chemical insecticides  Inadequate production of bio-control agents  Farmers’ economic status  Lack of incentives  Limited area under IPM Then why IPM ?????

5. InsectsScientific nameActivity duration A. Foliage feeders: Semiloopers Chrysodeixis acuta (Wlk.)Pre-bloom to podding Diachrysia orichalcea (Fab.)Pre-bloom to podding Gessonia gemmaPre-bloom to podding Mocis undata Fab.Pre-bloom to podding Tobacco caterpillarSpodoptera litura (Fab.)Pre-bloom to podding Gram pod borerHelicoverpa armigera (Hub.)Pre-bloom to podding Bihar hairy cater.Spilarctia obliqua (Wlk.)Pre-bloom to podding Leaf folderHedylepta indicata (Fab.)Pre-bloom to podding Leaf minerAproaerema modicella Dev.Seedling to pre-bloom Blue beetleCneorane sp.Seedling to pre-bloom Major Insect-Pests of Soybean

6. InsectsScientific nameActivity duration B. Stem borers: Stem flyMelanagromyza sojae (Zehnt.)Seedling to seed fill Girdle beetleObereopsis brevis (Swed.)Pre-bloom to seed fill C. Pod borers: Gram pod borerHelicoverpa armigera (Hub.)Pod initiation to seed fill Pink pod borerCydia ptychora MeyrickPod initiation to seed fill D. Sap feeders: White flyBemisia tabaci Genn.Seedling to bloom Green stinkbugNezara viridula (Linn.)Pod initiation to seed fill Mealy bugPhenacoccus spp.Flowering

7. Damage Potential of Insects Leaf Miner : 40 - 60 % Leaf Folder : 8 - 9 % Stem Fly : 19 - 40 % Girdle Beetle : 58 % White Fly (YMV) : 80 % Green Semilooper : 46 % Bihar Hairy Caterpillar: 42 % Grey Weevil : 10 % Pod Borer : 95 % Pod damage Aphids : 30 % Leaf Miner : 40 - 60 % Leaf Folder : 8 - 9 % Stem Fly : 19 - 40 % Girdle Beetle : 58 % White Fly (YMV) : 80 % Green Semilooper : 46 % Bihar Hairy Caterpillar: 42 % Grey Weevil : 10 % Pod Borer : 95 % Pod damage Aphids : 30 %

8. (AICRPS 2012 to 2014) Yield loss v/s Damage levels v/s Crop stage

9. Leaf Damage due to Defoliators Crop stageMean Loss (%) 1 week before flowering At 50 % flowering 1 week after flowering 20 %5.59.518.811.3 40 %18.017.624.119.9 60 %22.124.327.424.6 Mean Loss (%)15.217.123.418.6 Yield losses due to Defoliators

10. 35 DAG 42 DAG 49 DAG 56 DAG Levels of Infestation (%) Yield Loss(%) % Yield Loss due to varying levels of Girdle beetle infestation at different crop stages

11. Stem tunnelling Mean Up to 10 %9.9 11 – 20 %13.6 21 – 30 %22.3 31 – 40 %26.5 41 – 50 %43.8 Mean21.4 % Yield loss due to Stem fly

12. % Yield loss due to Pod borer Pod damage(%)Mean Up to 105.7 11 - 2010.9 21 - 3017.4 31 - 4023.8 41 - 5030.8 Mean19.0

13. Insect Outbreaks

14. Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura (Rajasthan, 1999)

15. Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura (MP, 2003)

16. Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura (Maharashtra- 2008)

17. Semilooper attack in Nagpur (2009) Crop condition on 30 th July 2009 Crop condition on 13 th August 2009

18. Demonstrated Feasibility and economics

19. Multi-location IPM Module 1: Recommended dose of fertilizers, Seed treatment with Rhizobium, PSB and Trichoderma, Bird-perches Pheromone traps Removal of girdle beetle, Spodoptera and D. obliqua infested plants/plant parts, Foliar application of Bt or B. bassiana @ 1.0 kg/ha, and Need based application of chemical insecticides

21. Module 2: Recommended dose of fertilizer, Seed treatment with Rhizobium, PSB and Trichoderma, Spray of Ha NPV or Sl NPV @ 250 LE/ha, Spray of N. rileyi or Bt @ 1.0 l/ha, Spray of NSKE @ 5%, Need based application of chemical insecticides

23. Measures to reduce insect infestation Deep summer ploughing Selection of proper variety Balanced nutrition Proper seed rate & spacing Use of Improved Light Traps

24. Use of Pheromone Traps

25. Bird perches

26. Management of Soybean insect-pests Removal of infested plants

28. Use of Microbial insecticides Bt based: Dipel, Biobit, Halt, Delfin @ 1.0 kg/ha, or Bb based: Biorin, Biosoft, Larvocel, Dispel @ 1.0 kg/ha, or Virus based: HaNPV / SlNPV @ 250 LE/ha

29. Comparative Performance of B.t. Formulations Larvae / mrl (Mean 10 DAT) Average Larval Population on 1 DBT = 13.90 /mrl

30. Overall Performance of B.t. Formulations Larvae / mrl Average Larval Population on 1 DBT = 9.13 / mrl Average Larval Population in Control = 11.96 / mrl

31. Compatibility of Bt with Chemical Insecticides Bt based microbial insecticides are compatible with chemical insecticides like – Monocrotophos, Thiamethoxam, Methomyl and Lufenuron, And with fungicides like – Carbendazim, Thiophenate methyl and Triadimefon Mixture of Bt and Monocrotophos is also compatible with Carbendazim and Thiophenate methyl

32. Exploitation of Natural Enemies

33. Natural enemiesHost insectPotential Parasitoids (Appanteles, Trichogramma, Brachymeria, Bracon, Sturmia spp.) C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. litura, H. armigera 5 to 30 % larval mortality Predators (Cantheconidia furcellata, Chrysoperla carnea) C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. Litura 10 to 12 % larval predation Insect Pathogens (B. bassiana. N. rileyi, Bt & NPV) C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. litura, H. armigera 15 to 100 % larval mortality Potential of Natural Enemies

36. Success Stories in biological control Papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus) control through Acerophagus papayae) Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera) control through predators (Dipha aphidivora or Micromus igorotus)

37. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Symbiotic bacteria associated with EPNs:  Xenorhabdus sp. with Steinernematids,  Photorhabdus sp. with Heterorhabditids

38. Field evaluation of EPNs (NBAII Strains)

39. Use of Chitin inhibitors Diflubenzuron 25 WP @ 400-600 g/ha, or Lufenuron 10 EC @ 300-400 ml/ha

40. Acacia arabica (leaves & seeds) Annona squamosa (leaves & seeds) Datura stramonium (leaves & seeds) Eucalyptus globulus (leaves) Ipomoea carnea (leaves) Lantana camara (leaves) Nicotiana tabacum (leaves) Pongamia pinnata (leaves) 1. Bio-efficacy : Aqueous extract @ 25, 50, 75 and 100% Ethanol extract @ 5, 7.5 and 10 % 2. Preference Index 3. Compatibility & Synergism 4. Utilization Indices 5. Mode of Action Use of Botanicals

41. Stomach Poisons : Lantana leaves Nicotiana leaves Pongamia leaves Acacia seed Annona seed Datura seed Contact Poisons : Annona leaves Ipomoea leaves Contact and Stomach Poisons : Acacia leaves Datura leaves Eucalyptus leaves Mv Itg Pm MEL

42. Use of Chemical insecticides Judicious / Need based Recommended insecticides With proper dose and dilution Careful and safe application Proper Time of application

43. ETL of some major Insect-Pests Blue beetle: 4 adults / mrl upto 10 DAG. Green semilooper: 3 larvae / mrl at flowering, or 4 larvae / mrl at podding. Tobacco caterpillar: 10 larvae / mrl at pre-flowering. Pod borer: 10 larvae / mrl at pod development. Leaf folder: 8-9 folded leaves / mrl. Stem fly: 26 per cent stem tunnelling. Blue beetle: 4 adults / mrl upto 10 DAG. Green semilooper: 3 larvae / mrl at flowering, or 4 larvae / mrl at podding. Tobacco caterpillar: 10 larvae / mrl at pre-flowering. Pod borer: 10 larvae / mrl at pod development. Leaf folder: 8-9 folded leaves / mrl. Stem fly: 26 per cent stem tunnelling.

44. Recommended Insecticides and precautions  Selection of suitable insecticide For Stem fly, Blue beetle and Linseed caterpillar Phorate 10 G @ 10 kg/ha Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 10 ml/kg seed Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100 g/ha Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 l/ha

45. For Girdle beetle  Triazophos 40 EC @ 800 ml/ha  Thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 650 ml/ha  Ethofenprox 10 EC @ 1.0 l/ha

46. For Defoliators  Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 1.5 l/ha  Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 l/ha  Triazophos 40 EC @ 800 ml/ha  Profenophos 50 EC @ 1.25 l/ha  Rynaxypyre 20 SC @ 100 ml/ha  Methomyl 40 SP @ 1.0 kg/ha  Lembda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 300 ml/ha  Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 300 ml/ha  Spinosad 45 SC @ 125 ml/ha

47. For Pod borers  Profenophos 50 EC @ 1.25 l/ha  Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.18 kg/ha  Rynaxypyre 20 SC @ 100 ml/ha  Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 300 ml/ha  Methomyl 40 SP @ 1.0 kg/ha  Lembda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 300 ml/ha  Spinosad 45 SC @ 125 ml/ha

48. For Sap sucking insects  Ethofenprox 10 EC @ 1.0 l/ha  Difenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.50 kg/ha  Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 10 ml/kg seed  Imidacloprid 48 FS @ 1.25 ml/kg seed  Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 600 ml/ha

49. For Mealy bug  Profenophos 50EC1.25 lit  Quinalphos 25EC2.0 lit  Acephate 75SP2.0 kg  Chlorpyriphos 20EC1.50 lit  Thiamethoxam 25 WG100 ml For Red Spider Mite  Ethion 50 EC @ 1.5 l/ha

50. Insect(s)Weed(s)Combination Stem flyMonocot + Dicot Monocot 1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr 2. Rynaxypyr + Quizalofop Ethyl Semi- loopers Monocot + Dicot Monocot Monocot + Dicot 1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr 2. Rynaxypyr + Quizalofop Ethyl 3. Indoxacarb + Imazethapyr S. lituraMonocot + Dicot Monocot 1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr 2. Quinalphos + Imazethapyr 3. Quinalphos + Quizalofop Ethyl Girdle beetle Monocot + Dicot 1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr 2. Indoxacarb + Imazethapyr Compatible combinations of Insecticides and Herbicides for effective management of major insects and weeds in Soybean

51.  Proper dilution of insecticide  Proper Spray time  Protective clothing

52.  Proper spray equipment

53. किसान की सूझबूझ

57. FEASIBILITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS Stock solution : 0.2 kg in 1 lit to give 100 % stock soln. With Power sprayer – For 100 % conc. – 24.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of water For 75 % conc. – 18.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of water For 50 % conc.– 12.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of water For 25 % conc. – 6.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of water