1. Manifest Destiny and a Changing Society

2. Marbury v. Madison Court case that established Judicial Review JR: The Supreme Court can review any law passed by Congress and the President If the SC finds the law to be unconstitutional, then they can throw it out.

3. Manifest Destiny The belief that the US should occupy all land from coast to coast.

4. Louisiana Purchase (1803) US purchased LA territory from France for $15 million. Doubles the size of the US.

5. Texas Annexation of Texas in 1845 caused a war with Mexico.

6. Mexican Cession Area of land gained because of the war with Mexico (includes AZ, NM, CA).

7. Gadsden Purchase (1853) Area of land purchased from Mexico so that we would have flat land to build a railroad.

8. California Gold Rush 1849—thousands head west looking for gold. Gives CA enough residents to become a state and makes San Francisco a major financial and market center on the west coast.

9. Andrew Jackson  Hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812  Invaded Florida to stop Seminole Indian attacks in Georgia and so forced Spain to give up its claim to Florida  Elected in 1828 as 7 th President of U.S.  Introduced the “Spoils System” in American politics.

10. Indian Removal Act In 1830, Jackson encouraged Congress to pass this act so white farmers could claim the fertile lands of the South Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of 5 tribes They lost 100 million acres of rich Southern land and were given 32 million acres of dry prairie land in Oklahoma.

11. Trail of Tears In 1832 the Cherokees sued the state of Georgia for the right to remain in their homeland The Supreme Court ruled in their favor. Georgia ignored the ruling and President Jackson agreed.

12. The Trail of Tears (continued)  In 1838, the U.S. Army rounded up over 15,000 Cherokee men, women, and children and forced them to march westward on foot.  The journey took 116 days.  ¼ of them died.  They called it the “Trail of Tears.”

13. Tariff & Nullification Crisis Northern congressmen passed a tariff on imported goods which forced the South to buy manufactured goods from the North. South Carolina refused to pay the tariff and claimed States’ Rights – the right to nullify any law that was unfair to one region of the country.

14. Nullification (continued) President Jackson threatened to send in the military. South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union. Jackson proposed a lower tariff.

15. Reform To change

16. Temperance Movement Campaign to encourage people to avoid drinking alcohol because it caused all of the problems in society.

17. Prohibition A movement to make alcohol illegal. Some states passed laws banning alcohol, but these were soon repealed.

18. Suffrage the right to vote

19. Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott Organized the first women’s rights convention in U.S. history

20. Seneca Falls Convention  1848 meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y. protesting the lack of political and legal rights for women and demanding women’s suffrage  Aroused much public criticism

21. Abolitionists People who wanted to abolish slavery.

22. William Lloyd Garrison Radical white abolitionist. Published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper in Boston. Founded the American Anti- Slavery Society in 1833.

23. Frederick Douglass  Born into slavery and escaped to the North.  Published abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.  Gave powerful speeches in the United States and Great Britain.  Wrote autobiography which sold thousands of copies.

24. Underground Railroad A network of secret escape routes that led runaway slaves from the South to freedom in the North.

25. Harriet Tubman Escaped slave who was a major “conductor” on the Underground Railroad She made over 30 trips helping over 300 slaves reach freedom Also called “the Black Moses”

26. Harriet Beecher Stowe Wrote a novel in 1852 called Uncle Tom’s Cabin which told of the horrors of slavery Abe Lincoln later called her “the little woman who started this great war.”

27. Compromise of 1850  Proposed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky  California entered the Union as a free state  New Mexico and Utah territories would decide for themselves whether to be free or slave  Fugitive Slave Act would require free states to help return slaves who had escaped to the North

28. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 law which created the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska Allowed the people of these territories to decide for themselves whether to be free or slave

29. “Bleeding Kansas” Over 1000 New Englanders were sent to Kansas to fight against slavery. Many Southerners crossed into Kansas to vote illegally for slavery. By 1855 Kansas had two capitals. Many died in violent raids between pro and anti slavery groups.

30. Dred Scott A slave living in Missouri who sued for his freedom because he had once lived in a free territory.

31. Dred Scott Decision 1857 Supreme Court Case in which the Court ruled that  Scott had no right to sue in court because he was a slave and therefore not a citizen  Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in states or territories because slaves were private property

32. John Brown’s Raid In 1859 John Brown, a white man from Kansas led a group of men in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in order to give guns to slaves. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged.