1. Democracy, Africa’s Way

2. Political Power (resides with the people) Participation Competition Liberty Voting Assembly Lobbying Parties Separation of Powers Speech Civil Society Executive Legislative Judiciary Judicial Review Bicameral Unicameral Running for Office ConcreteAbstract Parliamentary Presidential Mixed TenetsExamplesVariations Liberal Democracy

3. Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe Schmitter (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule “Democratization (…) refers to the processes whereby the rules and procedures of citizenship are either applied to political institutions previously governed by other principles (…), or expanded to include persons not previously enjoying such rights and obligations (…), or extended to cover issues and institutions not previously subject to citizen participation (…).” (p. 8) Liberalization Transition Consolidation Question: Who (not just what) is behind each step? Staffan Lindberg “Donorization” = “No democracy, no money”

4. LiberalizationTransitionConsolidation Reversal (by means of a coup or elections) Democracy Quasi- Democracy Mauritius, Ghana, Botswana, So. Africa Nigeria, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Kenya Authoritarianism Reversal (by means of a coup or elections) 2008-2009: (Guinea Bissau), Guinea, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger. 2012: Mali

5. http://www.economist.com/node/21551494

6. http://www.freedomhouse.org/regions/sub-saharan-africa

7. Mwai Kibaki & Raila Odinga (Kenya) Mugabe & Tsvangirai (Zimbabwe) Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (Liberia) Nelson MandelaJacob Zuma (So. Africa) Abdoulaye Wade & Macky Sall (Senegal) Kufuor (Ghana) Atta Mills Laurent Gbagbo Alassane Ouattara Paul Kagame (Rwanda) Ernest Bai Koroma (Sierra Leone) John Dramani Mahama