1. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Chapter 5 Search for Solutions

2. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Types of Searches Unstructured search Systematic structured search Structured search using the acronym SEARCH

3. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Unstructured Search Encourage ideas, discourage criticism. Avoid “groupthink.” Use group techniques: –Brainstorming –Nominal group technique –Groupware

4. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Brainstorming 1.Leader: State problem clearly. 2.Group: Make suggestions orally. 3.Leader: Reword and write down ideas. 4.Leader: Encourage participation. 5.Group: Evaluate/rank ideas.

5. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Nominal Group Technique 1.Leader: State problem. 2.Individuals: Make suggestions in turn. 3.Leader: Display ideas. 4.Group: Vote for best ideas. 5.Leader: Tally votes. 6.Group: Discuss top ideas further.

6. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Groupware Allows multiple computers to communicate simultaneously. Permits nominal groups to be at different locations. Makes information widely available. May cause information overload.

7. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Videotape Analysis Operations are recorded so they can be viewed later. Multiple people can interact during viewing. Operator can explain video to team (autoconfrontation). Results of meetings may be potential solutions or indications for further analysis.

8. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Systematic Structured Search Identify management’s perception of the problem See for yourself Obtain information from the operator Get information from the supervisor Measure light, noise, dimension, etc.

9. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Structured Search: SEARCH SSimplify operations E Eliminate unnecessary work and material AAlter sequence (change) RRequirements CCombine operations HHow often

10. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Eliminate Unnecessary Work and Material Eliminate unneeded work Use the exception principle Use self-service

11. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Simplify Operations Provide prepared, written information. Use jig and fixture designs to simplify machining. Shift from counting to sampling. Use forms, email, phone calls. Generate less waste. Automate part of a process (e.g. cleaning).

12. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Alter Sequence Simplify (or eliminate) other operations Reduce idle/delay time –Do it now vs. do it later –“Inside machine time” –Simultaneous vs. sequential tasks –Central vs. local storage Reduce material handling costs –Group technology –“Bus” vs. “taxi” transportation

13. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Requirements Quality (capability) costs Initial vs. continuing costs

14. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Quality (Capability) Costs Determine if the level of quality is appropriate and worth the cost. Review design tolerances before release to production. Allow for concealed costs (unreported rework causes “eddies in the river”). Pay attention to indirect materials, supplies, and utility costs. Consider selective assembly.

15. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Initial vs. Continuing Costs Minimize life-cycle costs, not just initial purchase cost. Identify maintenance, operating, and utility costs. Expect noneconomic behavior when cost is ignored.

16. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Cost vs. Quality Curve

17. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine Combine Operations Both general purpose and special purpose materials should be considered. Specialist job descriptions may be inefficient. Central departments allow economies of scale. Advances in communications can be used to centralize. Supervisors may resist consolidation.

18. Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine How Often? Use economic lot size calculations. –Trade off setup costs vs. inventory for “make” items –Trade off purchasing cost vs. inventory for “buy” items Analyze maintenance, service, and inspection activities. Use red/yellow/green labels to concentrate resources where needed.