1. input Single-state DCM Intrinsic (within- region) coupling Extrinsic (between- region) coupling Multi-state DCM with excitatory and inhibitory connections

2. The basic approach Variational free energy Minimise free energy Make inferences Define likelihood model Specify priors Neural dynamics Observer function

3. Extrinsic forward connections spiny stellate cells inhibitory interneurons pyramidal cells Extrinsic backward connections Intrinsic connections neuronal (source) model Extrinsic lateral connections State equations Output equation

4. A1 STG Forward Backward Lateral input Forward and Backward - FB STG IFG 2.41 (100%) 4.50 (100%) 5.40 (100%) 1.74 (96%) 1.41 (99%) 0.93 (55%) mode 1 mode 2 mode 3 A1 STG IFG Changes in extrinsic connections with ‘oddballs’

5. F FB log evidence Bayesian Model Comparison subjects Forward (F) Backward (B) Forward and Backward (FB) Two subgroups