2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Genetic Engineering Biotechnology

3. Regents Biology We have been manipulating DNA for generations!  Artificial breeding  creating new breeds of animals & new crop plants to improve our food

4. Regents Biology Animal breeding

5. Regents Biology Breeding food plants  “Descendants” of the wild mustard  the “Cabbage family”

6. Regents Biology Breeding food plants Evolution of modern corn (right) from ancestral teosinte (left).

7. Regents Biology A Brave New World

8. Regents Biology The code is universal  Since all living organisms…  use the same DNA  use the same code book  read their genes the same way

9. Regents Biology TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACT ATGATCACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAG ACTAGCTGACTCGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGC TACATGCTAGCACACYCGTACATCGATCCTGA CATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTACTAGCTACTG ACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTAGATC GGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGA TCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGA TCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGAT ACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCC CGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATC CGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT GCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGC ATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGAC TCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTA CGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGA TCGATACT human genome 3.2 billion bases

10. Regents Biology Can we mix genes from one creature to another? YES!

11. Regents Biology Mixing genes for medicine…  Allowing organisms to produce new proteins  bacteria producing ____________________

12. Regents Biology How do we do mix genes?  Genetic engineering  find gene  _______ DNA in both organisms  _______ gene from one creature into other creature’s DNA  _______ new chromosome into organism  organism _______ new gene as if it were its own  organism _______ gene as if it were its own  _____________________________________: Remember: we all use the same genetic code!

13. Regents Biology Cutting DNA  DNA “scissors”  ____________________________  used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses  EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI  cut DNA at specific sites  enzymes look for specific base sequences GTAACGAATTCACGC TT CATTGCTTAAGTGCG AA GTAACG|AATTCACGC TT CATTGCTTAA|GTGCG AA

14. Regents Biology Restriction enzymes  Cut DNA at specific sites  ____________________________ GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA GTAACGAATTCACGC TT CATTGCTTAAGTGCG AA restriction enzyme cut site

15. Regents Biology Sticky ends  Cut other DNA with same enzymes  leave “sticky ends” on both  can glue DNA together at “sticky ends” GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA gene you want GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA CCTGGACTTAA GGCCTAT chromosome want to add gene to GGACCTG AATTCACGCTT CCTGGACTTAA GTGCGAA combined DNA

16. Regents Biology Sticky ends help glue genes together TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCA CGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGT GCGAA gene you wantcut sites AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA chromosome want to add gene tocut sites AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene sticky ends chromosome with new gene added TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACG ATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATG CTAGC sticky ends stick together DNA ligase joins the strands ________________ DNA molecule

17. Regents Biology Why mix genes together? TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACG ATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATG CTAGC  Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual aa “new” protein from organism ex: human insulin from bacteria human insulin gene in bacteria bacteriahuman insulin How can bacteria read human DNA?

18. Regents Biology Uses of genetic engineering  Genetically modified organisms (GMO)  enabling plants to produce new proteins  ___________________________: BT corn  corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn)  ___________________________: fishberries  strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder  ___________________________: golden rice  rice producing vitamin A improves nutritional value

19. Regents Biology Bacteria  Bacteria are great!  one-celled organisms  reproduce by mitosis  easy to grow, fast to grow  generation every ~20 minutes

20. Regents Biology Bacterial DNA  Single circular chromosome  only one copy = haploid  no nucleus  ____________________! ___________ _____________

21. Regents Biology There’s more…  Plasmids  small extra circles of DNA  carry extra genes that bacteria can use  __________________________________  bacterial sex!!  rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance  can be picked up from environment

22. Regents Biology How can plasmids help us?  A way to get genes into bacteria easily  insert new gene into plasmid  insert plasmid into bacteria = _________  bacteria now expresses new gene  bacteria make new protein + transformed bacteria gene from other organism plasmid cut DNA recombinant plasmid vector glue DNA

23. Regents Biology Grow bacteria…make more grow bacteria harvest (purify) protein transformed bacteria plasmid gene from other organism + recombinant plasmid vector

24. Regents Biology Applications of biotechnology

25. Regents Biology 2006-2007 I’m a very special pig! Got any Questions?