1. China’s Ancient Philosophies
LEGALISM
CONFUCIANISM
DAOISM
PHILOSOPHY-an investigation of basic truths about the universe, based on logical reasoning

2. CONFUCIANISM
A PHILOSOPHY TAUGHT BY CONFUCIUS THAT STRESSES PROPER RELATIONSHIPS
A PHILOSOPHY BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF CONFUCIUS, AS RECORDED IN THE COLLECTION CALLED THE ANALECTS

3. DAOISM AN ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF LAOZI
DAOISM IS A BELIEF SYSTEM
SAID TO HAVE BEGUN WITH THE
SIXTH-CENTURY~B.C. PHILOSOPHER LAOZI.
DAOISM EMPHASIZES LIVING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE.

4. LEGALISM
A PHILOSOPHY STRESSING THE STRICT USE OF LAWS TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR
LEGALISM IS THE BELIEF THAT A RULER SHOULD USE THE LEGAL SYSTEM TO FORCE PEOPLE TO OBEY LAWS

5. FILIAL PIETY- respect for one’s parents and ancestors---an important teaching of Confucianism
CONDUCT – the way someone acts; behavior

6. FLAG OF CHINA

7. Let’s Read about Confucius
Turn to page 250

8. Three ways of thinking were
developed by scholars to try and bring peace to the land after
many years of turmoil and
disorder.

9. The three ways of thinking
included Legalism, Confucianism,
and Daoism.
Each was it’s own philosophy, or study of basic truths and ideas about the universe

10. LEGALISM Those who saw disorder in China thought…
Rulers should force the people to obey the laws.
A strong government would answer China’s problems

11. Master Han Fei wrote some of the most well thought out writings about Legalism.
Han Fei’s ideas were greatly different than that of Confucius’ ideas.
He did not believe that a government based of virtues and respect would work

12. Strict Laws – Harsh Punishments
People were forced to do good as a result of harsh punishments being put into place instead of doing good out of respect
Legalists felt that by making harsh punishments people would be afraid to do wrong
it was illegal to teach ideas different from that of the government
books that included ideas unlike the governments were burned

13. SOME PUNISHMENTS INCLUDED
BEING CUT IN TWO
ARRESTED
JAILED
TORTURED

14. WHY DID THEY DO THIS?
THE LEGALISTS DIDN’T WANT PEOPLE TO COMPLAIN ABOUT OR QUESTION THE GOVERNMENT.

15. CONFUCIANISM
Confucianism was the first and the most prominent of philosophies
Confucius lived during the time of the warring states
Confucius believed that respect for others was necessary for peace and harmony

16. Five Relationships
1-Confucius taught a code of proper conduct for the people
2-their were five basic relationships that were placed into Confucianism
3-each of the five relationships had its own code of proper conduct

17. Proper Conduct 1-Good conduct and respect begins at home
NOTE: Confucius thought that this idea of respect began at home
2-filial piety society… treating parents with respect
3-authorities should be respected and set a good example and respect his subjects
Relationships were separated into two categories

18. They included: a-proper conduct in the family
*father and son- treating parents with respect
*elder brother and junior brother-had to be kind to each other, but the younger brother had to follow the wishes of his older brother
*husband and wife-husbands had to be good to their wives and, and wives had to obey their husbands

19. b-proper conduct in society
*friend and friend-
*ruler and subject- ruler’s responsibility in society was to live correctly, i.e. treating people with respect --obeying the laws just as anyone else would-fulfilling their duties as a ruler, and to treat his subjects with respect.
If he did these things and led in a right and moral way, than there would be peace in the society

20. Impact of Confucianism
Through Confucianism people were able to avoid conflict and promote a peaceful environment
Confucius helped to guide many rulers to encourage education, and run a fair and skilled gov’t

21. DAOISM
THE WAY
DAOISTS BELIEVED IN A UNIVERSAL FORCE CALLED THE DAO, THE WAY THAT GUIDES ALL THINGS
BELIEVE ALL CREATURES, EXCEPT HUMANS LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THE DAO
BELIEVED THAT HUMANS HAD TO LEARN TO LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE AND WITH INNER FEELINGS.

22. FOLLOWING THE WAY
DAOISTS DO NOT ARGUE ABOUT GOOD AND BAD AND THEY DID NOT TRY TO CHANGE THINGS
THEY DID NOT WANT TO BE INVOLVED WITH GOV’T
TRIED TO UNDERSTAND NATURE AND LIVE IN HARMONY W/ITS RYTHMS INCLUDING THE IDEA OF YIN AND YANG

23. QIN
SHEE HWANHNG DEE (spelled phonetically) would unify and expand China
King of Qin at age 13
WAS A VERY LEGALISTIC RULER
460 CRITICS AND CONFUCIANISTS KILLED
CON’T WITH BURNING OF BOOKS

24. SET HIGH TAXES TO PAY FOR PROJECTS AND FORCED THE PEASANTS TO WORK ON THEM
THE GREAT WALL
BUILT KEEP INVADERS OUT
FORCED HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEASANTS AND CRIMINALS TO BUILT THE WALL
CREATED LOTS OF RESENTMENT B/C MANY OF THE WORKERS DIED FROM HARD LABOR
EARLIEST WALLS BUILT OF EARTH AND LATER STONE AND BRICK
EXTENDED AND REBUILT MANY TIMES
Original dimensions-Built in just seven years, it stood 30 ft. tall with 40 ft. towers, over 1,500 miles long

25. QIN wanted standardization to make things simple and equal
Standardization means making things alike
Meant to help unify China and make it easier for trade and communication
Shi Haungdi did away with fiefs—small fiefs became counties and larger fiefs became provinces run by government officials
Provinces are small political regions of a country

26. END OF QIN
Many did not like the way Shi Haungdi ruled, but were too afraid to rebel
After his death his second and favorite son became ruler, but a very weak one and soon a civil war broke out
Shi Haungdi’s son less effective ruler
People rebelled
Civil war breaks out

27. HAN
Born a peasant
Military general Liu Bang defeated Qin forces and reunified China in 202 B.C.
Liu developed the Han dynasty which lasted a little more than 400 years
After claiming control Liu changed his name to Han Gaozu which means high ancestor
It was during the same time period as the Roman Empire

28. The Han used bureaucracy to rule China
The Han kept some of the basic policies of the Qin, but used a more Confucianism approach
The Han used bureaucracy to rule China
Bureaucracy is the network of officials that assist in providing government
They tested people on their knowledge of Confucianism to find the most skilled and qualified to build the most effective bureaucracy

29. Han did away with the provinces and restored the kingdoms of the Zhou dynasty
Used bureaucracy to rule and used both Legalistic and Confucian ideas
After Liu Bang’s death in 195 B.C. his wife took rule for their infant son and con’t to place infants on the throne so that she would retain power
When she died in 180 B.C. they executed all of her relatives so that none of them would take over the throne

30. A descendant of Liu Bang named Wudi ruled the empire from 141 to 87 B
A descendant of Liu Bang named Wudi ruled the empire from 141 to 87 B.C.
Called the Martial Emporer because he used war to expand China
Many military conquests
Through his conquests, Wudi was able to bring multiple southern Chinese provinces under his control as well as northern Korea and northern Vietnam

31. By the end of Wudi’s rule, China had greatly expanded
In fact it was almost as big as we know China to be today
The Han faced many obstacles, but con’t to rule until 220 A.D.

32. Many of the Han lived in rural villages and worked as farmers
Some lived in cities and worked in business and government
Today in China many people associate themselves with the Han people because the ancient Chinese were industrious people who civilization did very well
In many ways the Han way of life is reflected in Chinese life today

33. Legacy of China Silk- it was a discovery of China
At the time of the Han dynasty, only the Chinese knew how to make it.
It was a much desired product by the people of China as well as those outside of China.
You might ask: How did others know about the silk?…….well……

34. Silk was important in opening the trading routes to the west.
We had talked about silk roads when we first began this chapter and this is where the name developed
Silk roads were the overland trade routes to the west. Traders carried silk and other goods on caravan trails.

35. The trails crossed over two continents and therefore were called the trans-Eurasian
China had become a part of a wide spread trading network
By 100 B.C. the silk roads were well established ( This was during which dynasty?).

36. Goods that the Chinese produced and traded included: pottery, paper, and silk.
They received goods from the west such as: seeds and oils, metal, and precious stones.
One specific item that was of value and very special were Central Asian horses.

37. Cultural Diffusion
With the new trade routes in place many customs were spread as well as religion, military techniques, and art.

38. Turn
to page
278

39. Inventions and Discoveries
With such a large and growing population, the Chinese were developing products pertaining to agriculture.
The new items helped ease the work of farmers
Collar Harness-allowed horses to pull heavy loads
Wheelbarrow-made it easier to move large loads by hand
Watermills-used river power to grind grain

40. PAPER Paper was originally made of expensive silk
Inexpensive paper was made of old rags, tree bark, and fibers from the hemp plant
Inexpensive books were made widely available to those who valued education
Paper was important for the gov’t to keep records.

41. SILK Very rare and could be changed into a variety of colors
Allowed the Chinese to obtain silver and gold
This was important to China since there are no rich deposits of either mineral.