1. Thinking Thinking Symbols: Object or an act that stands for something else. Symbols: Object or an act that stands for something else. Symbols allow us to understand things that are not actually present Symbols allow us to understand things that are not actually present

2. Well known symbols

3. b. Concept: Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people. b. Concept: Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people. Example: Chair concept Example: Chair concept

5. 1. Prototypes: a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category. 1. Prototypes: a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category. Ex. Thinking of a mid-sized sedan when someone mentions a car. Ex. Thinking of a mid-sized sedan when someone mentions a car.

7. c. Problem Solving: How we figure things out c. Problem Solving: How we figure things out 1. Deductive vs. Inductive reasoning 1. Deductive vs. Inductive reasoning Deductive: reasoning from general to specific Deductive: reasoning from general to specific

8. Deductive If all wasp have wings, this wasp must have wings! If all wasp have wings, this wasp must have wings!

9. Inductive: reasoning from specific to general Inductive: reasoning from specific to general Example: Turtle Example: Turtle

10. Inductive If this turtle has a shell, all turtles must have shells! If this turtle has a shell, all turtles must have shells!

11. 2. Algorithm: a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution 2. Algorithm: a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution audio clip audio clip audio clip audio clip 3. Heuristics: shortcut to problem solving. (usually faster than algorithms but more error prone) 3. Heuristics: shortcut to problem solving. (usually faster than algorithms but more error prone)

12. 4. Obstacles 4. Obstacles 1. Mental set: solving a problem based on what has worked in the past. 1. Mental set: solving a problem based on what has worked in the past. Unscramble this word: aeldlum Unscramble this word: aeldlum Find the pattern: 854176320 Find the pattern: 854176320 2. Functional fixedness: tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects, without imagining alternative uses. 2. Functional fixedness: tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects, without imagining alternative uses. Example: screwdriver & dime Example: screwdriver & dime

13. 3. Framing: how we present an issue or information 3. Framing: how we present an issue or information Example: hamburger- 25% fat, 75% lean/1 in 20, 10 in 200 Example: hamburger- 25% fat, 75% lean/1 in 20, 10 in 200

14. II. Language Terms a. Phonemes: basic sounds a. Phonemes: basic sounds Example: bat; we utter b, a, and t. Example: bat; we utter b, a, and t. Chat; ch, a, t (3 phonemes) Chat; ch, a, t (3 phonemes) There are 40 phonemes in the English language There are 40 phonemes in the English language There are 869 phonemes in human speech There are 869 phonemes in human speech * Consonant phonemes carry more information than do vowel phonemes* * Consonant phonemes carry more information than do vowel phonemes* The treth ef thes stetement shed be evedent frem thes bref demenstretien The treth ef thes stetement shed be evedent frem thes bref demenstretien

15. b. Morphemes: smallest unit of language that carries meaning b. Morphemes: smallest unit of language that carries meaning * suffix, plural, root words * suffix, plural, root words Example: Prepare: Pre pare (2 morphemes) Example: Prepare: Pre pare (2 morphemes)

16. HOW MANY WORDS DO YOU THINK HUMANS KNOW? Most native speakers use more than 3,000 words regularly, irrespective of their level of education, and they have a "passive vocabulary" of 15-20,000 Most native speakers use more than 3,000 words regularly, irrespective of their level of education, and they have a "passive vocabulary" of 15-20,000

17. ON AVERAGE HOW MANY WORDS DO YOU THINK WE SPEAK PER DAY? 16,000 16,000

18. IS IT POSSIBLE TO RECEIVE A BRAIN INJURY THAT GIVES YOU A FOREIGN ACCENT FROM A LANGUAGE YOU HAVE NEVER SPOKEN? Yes Yes FOREIGN ACCENT SYNDROME FOREIGN ACCENT SYNDROME FOREIGN ACCENT SYNDROME FOREIGN ACCENT SYNDROME

19. c. Grammar/ Syntax: system of rules to help us communicate with others c. Grammar/ Syntax: system of rules to help us communicate with others Example: order of adjectives, nouns, etc in a sentence and items like comma, semi- colon, etc. Example: order of adjectives, nouns, etc in a sentence and items like comma, semi- colon, etc. d. Semantics: set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. d. Semantics: set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. Example: adding ed to laugh means it happened in the past Example: adding ed to laugh means it happened in the past

20. e. Overregularization: applying rules of grammar incorrectly (not knowing exceptions to rules) e. Overregularization: applying rules of grammar incorrectly (not knowing exceptions to rules) Example: saying ranned instead of run, holded rather than held Example: saying ranned instead of run, holded rather than held f. Overextension: use word to mean anything similar f. Overextension: use word to mean anything similar Example: Kid saying a dog is a goat because they know dog means 4 legs & furry Example: Kid saying a dog is a goat because they know dog means 4 legs & furry

21. III. Theories b. Noam Chomsky: humans are born wired for language b. Noam Chomsky: humans are born wired for language

22. 2. Critical period: period when learning language is most efficient 2. Critical period: period when learning language is most efficient 3. Telegraphic speech: By 2nd birthday, children can make two-word sentences 3. Telegraphic speech: By 2nd birthday, children can make two-word sentences Example: Want juice Example: Want juice