1. The Great War: There and Here Section 7.3

2. Today’s Agenda Review America’s foreign policy and outbreak of WWI 7.3 slide show Homework –Notebook check Monday!!!! –1 st Quarter over Tuesday –Read 7.4

3. Today’s Objectives: Define mobilization Explain how the United States –Raised an army –Financed the war –Managed Public Opinion –Produced Industrial Materials –Enlisted the support of labor

4. What is mobilization? Preparing a nation for war May involve government, citizens and business Schlieffen Plan –Germany rapid mobilization plan –Defeat France before Russia has time to mobilize

5. America Goes To War

6. What does a nation need to prepare for and conduct a war? 1.Finance the war 2.Raise an army 3.Convert factories from peacetime to wartime 4.Cooperation from organized labor 5.Shape Public Opinion

7. How did the government finance the war? Tax Increases Government Loans –war bonds and stamps War costs over $30 billion –total federal spending in 1913 = only $970 million

8. Financing World War I TAXES 30% 16 th Amendment 10 billion Loans 70% Liberty Bonds 23 billion

9. Agenda for Today JGG Quiz Notebook Check Return DBQs Finish 7.3 Slide Show Begin 7.4 Homework –Finish Johnny –Read 7.4

10. Analysis: Which generation should pay for a war? Which pays when we use taxes to finance war? Which pays when we use loans? Should all Americans be asked to sacrifice when the US goes to war?

11. How did the government raise an army? Voluntary recruitment campaigns Conscription (draft) –mandatory enrollment –18-45 –Lottery system Progressive reaction –Great equalizer Upper & lower classes together = brotherhood African-Americans segregated –600 black officers never rose to high rank

12. Does the government have the power to draft? Yes: Article I Sec. 8 No: 13th Amendment Involuntary Servitude

13. Draft Presentation

14. How did the government shape public opinion? Propaganda –Edited/carefully chosen information meant to shape public opinion –Herbert Hoover “Food will win the war. Use all leftovers.” George Creel –Committee on Public Information –“World’s greatest adventure in advertising” –Flyers, movies, conferences, speeches, posters

15. Role of Propaganda

16. Converting Wartime Industry From This… To this. How Did Government Enlist the Cooperation of Big Business?

17. Centralized control of economy War Industries Board –Allocated resources, fixed prices, directed production of all factories –Bernard Baruch Wall Street broker, speculator Profits tripled Where is our government on the political spectrum?

18. War Industries Board

19. How did the government control other economic resources? Food Administration –Herbert Hoover –Conserve food for Allies –“wheatless Tuesdays”, “meatless Fridays” –Victory gardens Fuel Administration –Daylight saving time –Rationing coal, gasoline –4 day workweek for nonessential factories

20. War Industries Board

21. How would a socialist feel about the War? How did the government attempt to win the support of Labor?

22. Samuel Gompers (AFL) –Agreed to No-Strike contracts –Funneled $ to discredit socialists War Labor Board –Standardized wages (even for women), working hours, gave right of collective bargaining –Strongly discouraged strikes –Nationalized telephone and arms manufacturers when they went on strike

23. What happened to civil liberties and free speech during the war? Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 –Any obstruction to the war effort illegal Americans encouraged to report on disloyal people Post Office –Stopped delivering socialist periodicals Rose Pastor Stokes –Sentenced to 10 years for calling government “for the profiteers”

24. How far does/should free speech go? SNL Global Warming I Rack

25. How far does/should free speech go?

26. Presentations Sedition Laws Eugene V. Debs Oliver W. Holmes Schenck v. U.S. Clear & Present Danger

27. Schenck v. U.S. Charles Schenck circulated Anti-war pamphlets –cited the Thirteenth Amendment's provision against involuntary servitude –War driven by capitalist –proposed peaceful resistance Charged with violating Espionage Act Supreme Court unanimous decision in favor of U.S. Oliver W. Holmes –clear & present danger "The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."

28. Free Speech

29. Big Question The government needs extra power in a time of war. How much is enough? Sedition/Espionage Acts Patriot Act “Illegal Combatant” Redefining Geneva Convention NSA Warrant-less Wire Tap GITMO

30. Post 9/11 America