1. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Stress and Well-Being at Work Chapter 7 Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Realities, & Challenges Nelson & Quick, 5 th edition

2. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved What is Stress? Stress – Stressor – Distress – Strain –

3. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis –

4. 4 Stress Approaches: Homeostatic/Medical Approach _________________ _____________________ ____________ + = Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

5. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 4 Stress Approaches: Cognitive Appraisal Approach

6. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 4 Stress Approaches: Cognitive Appraisal Approach

7. 4 Stress Approaches: Person–Environment Fit Approach Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

8. 4 Stress Approaches: Psychoanalytic Approach = Self-Image – Ego Ideal – Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

9. The Stress Response Blood redirected from the skin and internal organs to brain and large muscles Increased alertness: improved vision, hearing, and other sensory responses Release of glucose and fatty acids for sustenance Depression of immune system, digestion, and similar restorative processes Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

10. Sources of Stress at Work Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

11. Stress Sources at Work Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

12. Stress Benefits and Costs Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

13. Yerkes-Dodson Law Performance arousal High Low (distress) Optimum (eustress) High (distress) Stress level Boredom from understimulation Optimum stress load Conditions perceived as stressful Distress from overstimulation Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

14. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Positive Stress

15. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Negative Stress Negative stress results from –

16. Individual Distress Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

17. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Organizational Distress Participative Problems – Performance Decrement – Compensation Award –

18. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Dealing with Stress – __________________ ________________ – a person breaks down at his or her weakest point Backaches Headaches Heart Disease Depression

19. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Are There Gender-Related Stressors? Sexual harassment Early age fatal health problems Long term disabling health problems Violence

20. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Type A Behavior Patterns Type A Behavior Patterns – –

21. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Hardiness a personality resistant to distress & characterized by –challenge (versus threat) –commitment (versus alienation) –control (versus powerlessness) a way of managing stressful events by changing them into subjectively less stressful events (versus passive avoidance of events by decreasing interaction with the environment)

22. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Self-Reliance Self-Reliance – Counterdependence – Overdependence –

23. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Preventative Stress Management – Preventative Stress Management

24. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Primary Prevention – Secondary Prevention – Tertiary Prevention – Preventative Stress Management

25. Distress Individual problems Behavioral Medical Psychological Organizational costs Direct Indirect Symptomatic disease Preventative Stress Maintenance Stress responses Individual Organizational Asymptomatic disease Organizational stressors Task demands Role demands Physical demands Interpersonal demands Health risk factors SOURCE: Based on J. D. Quick, J. C. Quick, and D.L. Nelson. “The Theory of Preventive Stress Management in Organizations,” in C. L. Cooper, ed. Theories of Organizational Stress (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1998), 246-268. Organizational ContextPreventive Medicine Context

26. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Organizational Stress Prevention –job redesign –goal setting –role negotiation –social support systems

27. Job Strain Model Unresolved strain (ill health) Workload Low High Self- determination Low High ________ ___ SOURCE: B. Gardell, “Efficiency and Health Hazards in Mechanized Work,” in J. C. Quick, R.S. Bhagat, J. E. Dalton, and J. D. Quick, eds., Work Stress: Health Care Systems in the Workplace. Copyright © 1987. Reproduced with permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, CT. High-strain job Low-strain job Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved ________ ___

28. Social Support at Work and Home Individual ______________ Supervisor Colleagues Subordinates Clients _______________ Spouse Children Parents In-laws _______________ Minister/Rabbi Friends Support groups ___________________ Business associations Social clubs Athletic groups ________________ Physicians Psychologists Counselors Lawyers SOURCE: From J. C. Quick J. D. Quick, D. L. Nelson and J. J. Hurrell, Jr., in Preventive Stress Management in Organizations, 1997, p. 198. Copyright© 1997 by The American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

29. Individual Preventive Stress Management Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

30. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved What Can Managers Do?