1. NEXT India’s First Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas establish empires, but neither unifies India permanently.

2. NEXT I. The Mauryan Empire Is Established India’s First Empires Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya seizes power, starts Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India united for first time Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army Running the Empire Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government He divides the government to make it easier to rule

3. NEXT continued I. The Mauryan Empire Is Established A. Life in the City and the Country A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empire Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., 32 years Asoka— Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its height B. Asoka Promotes Buddhism After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peace Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religions Builds roads, with wells along them

4. NEXT II. A Period of Turmoil A. The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire Asoka dies in 232 B.C. ; kingdoms in central India soon break away The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuries Northern India receives immigrants from Greece, other parts of Asia Tamils—a people living in southern India— remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples

6. NEXT III. The Gupta Empire Is Established A. Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north India in A.D. 320 Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest Continued...

7. NEXT B. Daily Life in India Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather than father continued III. The Gupta Empire Is Established

8. NEXT C. Height of the Gupta Empire Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375–415 He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empire Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and science After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines continued III. The Gupta Empire Is Established