1. Session 2. Mapping the changes in R&D systems: consequences for women`s participation in science

2. Mapping the changes Two presentations were focussed on statistics presenting the situation of women in science in the Enwise countries. Two presentations tried to explain the reasons why women are under-represented in science. Two presentations were focussed on the brain circulation and good practices.

3. Measuring under-representation of women in Enwise countries At the first glance the percentages of women in Enwise countries are higher than the ones in EU-15 countries 38 % as compared to 27 % In geographical terms, the proportion of women is higher in the countries with the smallest research populations and the lowest R&D expenditure per capita. These findings demonstrate that the gender equality goes hand in hand with the strengthening of research capacities.

4. Gender in Learning and Teaching Women are more likely than men to remain in education after the age of 18 Women comstitute the majority of HE graduates (62.7 % in 2001) Women enjoy higher growth rates than men for advanced level graduates New indicators have been introduced to demonstrate that still women under- representated in terms of PhDs and higher positions

5. Reasons Political transformations from pre- communist time to transitional period Decrease of expenditure in R&D sectors Decrease and optimisation of personnel Ageing of personal Introduction of a new funding system based on grants Brain drain to EU and US

6. The case of Slovenia Slovenia is an exceptional case because of its geographic, political and social situation Better social position for working women as compared to other Enwise countries resulting in continuity in scientific careers But after 1991, drop in science funding and increased sexism. Female professors droped from 15 to 11 %

7. Brain circulation Scientific mobility at collective level as a loss for a sending country is always bigger than the accumulated gains for the receiving countries This is not true on individual level The scheme, where returns are motivated by jobs and recognition, is needed

8. Good practice of brain circulation An example has been presented concerning the Hungarian scientific community in US Positive actions were illustrated (annual conference Washington, information and communication portals and email lists, communication with Hungarian governments and diplomatic bodies)

9. Main conclusions and recommendations Statistics are needed, but more in depth qualitative and contextual studies, necessary to understand why women are under- representated Money is power and granting women maybe tool to increase their visibility New policy tools for reintegrating women after period abroad should be developed including the creation of top-level institutions in the sending countries

10. Equality in science depends also on equality in division of tasks at home and in child-care. New studies measuring the impact of having a family on the successful career of women and men should be carried out. Main conclusions and recommendations