1. The British Empire 大英帝国

2. 2 Final Exam Date & Time

3. 3 Pay close attention to today. Won't review it next week b/c so recent. Next week: Question time at end.

4. 4 Focus of the Lecture (Part I) Beginning in the 1600s, England acquired a world empire (in North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia). Britain gained control of these areas mainly for reasons of trade and defense 防卫 The British brought their language and culture to each of these areas.

5. 5 Study Questions Trace the development of Britain’s empire between 1600 and 1914. Which colonies were most important and why? Why did Britain acquire its empire? What were the reasons it gained certain new areas? What was the Triangular trade? Explain its positive and negative consequences.

6. 6 More Study Questions Why did the thirteen colonies rebel? How did their loss affect Britain’s actions elsewhere? Discuss Britain’s positive and negative influence in India, especially after it became a crown colony.

7. 7

8. 8 Evolution of the British Empire

9. 9 Great Britain, United Kingdom 1707 (Queen Anne) Union of England and Scotland to form Great Britain 1801 (George III) Union of Great Britain and Ireland to form the United Kingdom Flag of the UK (Union Jack) is combination of flags of England, Scotland and Ireland

10. 10 The British Empire, at its height 1. It was the largest empire in history 2. It was over 33 million square kilometers in size; this was almost 25% of the world’s land area (“then sun never sets upon the British Empire”) 3. It ruled more than 550 million people; at the time, this was nearly 25% of the earth’s population

11. 11 The British Empire

12. 12 British Empire, 1713

13. 13 British Empire, 1763

14. 14 British Empire, 1815

15. 15 British Empire, 1850

16. 16 British Empire, 1914

17. 17 British Empire, 1921

18. 18 Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21 Triangular Trade

22. 22 Triangular Trade

23. 23 Results of Triangular Trade Positive: – Enriched British merchants trading slaves and manufactured goods – Built up agricultural economy of American colonies and Caribbean Negative – Terrible misery for enslaved Africans in America – Depopulated portions of western Africa – Hindered industrial development in colonies (explain?)

24. 24 Border Changes after the Seven Years war

25. 25 Reasons for the American Revolution 1. “No taxation without representation!” –The colonists living in America paid taxes, but had no one in Parliament representing the colonies. 2. Permanent British troops in America – Colonists brought the English distrust of standing armies with them – Colonists had to pay for English soldiers – British soldiers prevented settlers from moving further west 3. Revolution justified?

26. 26 American Revolution

27. 27 Losses to the United States

28. 28 Changes on British Policy after Revolution 1. British saw “white” colonies as needing loving guidance and care like children 2. The British followed a policy of granting self-rule to “white” colonies: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand 3. Britain’s arrogant attitudes toward non-white colonies remained virtually unchanged –Does more advanced society have right to “parent” less advanced society?

29. 29 Britain’s Imperial Century 1815-1914 is the period called Britain’s Imperial Century In this period Britain added about 26 million km² to the empire Also added around 400 million people

30. 30 British Emigration

31. 31 Ships of the East India Company

32. 32 India

33. 33 India

34. 34 British Rule in India 1.Gradual expansion from early 1600s to late 1700s 2.India was ruled by the East India Co until 1850s –Can someone explain how a Co ruled? 3.In the 1850s, after a revolt, India became a crown colony 4.India was “the Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, because of - economic value as a source of goods (cotton, tea) - a captive market for British manufactured products - self-supporting army the British used throughout the Empire -obedient culture

35. 35 British Administrative Building in India

36. 36 Consequences of British Rule in India Positive: – Britain built up India’s railroad system (4 th largest in the world in 1920) – Improved education and health care – Gave India an improved legal system – Provided limited self-government Negative: – Cultural arrogance; most British felt superior – Hindered industrialization of India – Created an Indian upper class that was western-educated and resented by most Indians

37. 37 Imperialism in Africa

38. 38 Britain’s Attitude "We have to consider not what we want now, but what we shall want in the future." Lord Rosebury

39. 39 Boer War

40. 40 British Policy in Africa Gained the cape of Good Hope to protect route to India Got control of Suez Canal to protect new northern route to India Tried to get lands in eastern Africa to join the two, a “Cape to Cairo” colony Fought colonial war in southern Africa to control gold and diamond mines

41. 41 Opium

42. 42 Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911

43. 43 Reasons Britain was unhappy with China 1.Chinese life at the time? 2.Unfavorable balance of trade. Britain bought huge amounts of tea, as well as silk and porcelain, but had little China wanted to buy in return; Britain had a huge trade deficit 3.Wanted fewer restrictions on trade 4.Wanted diplomatic representation in Beijing

44. 44 Indian opium bound for China

45. 45 Opium

46. 46

47. 47 How extensive was the opium trade? In 1835 alone, about 1.63 million kilos of opium entered China. It sold for almost 500,000 kilos of silver. By the mid-1830s there were probably 10 million opium addicts in China.

48. 48 Opium Smoking

49. 49 Husband Selling his Wife to Support Opium Addiction

50. 50 Chinese View of 18 th Cent. English Sailor

51. 51 Lin Zexu

52. 52 Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria

53. 53 Destroying Opium

54. 54 Destruction of Chinese Ships

55. 55 Treaty of Nanjing (1842) 1.Opened five ports to foreign trade (Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai) 2.Gave Britain the island of Hong Kong 3.Ended old trade system; foreigners could trade with anyone 4.Provided an indemnity of about $21 million 5.Start of “treaty century,” 1842-1942, unequal treaties with China 6.There was no mention of opium.

56. 56 Treaty Ports

57. 57