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Published byBarnard Rose Modified over 9 years ago
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Joint attention Verbal development Non-verbal language development Theory of mind Pro-social communication Conversational skills. How to take a language sample
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Communication involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding messages Communication involves A message A sender who expresses the message A receiver who responds to the message Functions of communication Narrating Explaining/informing Requesting Expressing
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Language is a formalized code that a group of people use to communicate The five dimensions of language: Phonology -Rules determining how sounds can be sequenced Morphology -Rules for the meaning of sounds (e.g., un, pro, con) Syntax -Rules for a language’s grammar Semantics - Rules for the meaning of words Pragmatics -Rules for communication (prosody, gestures, intonation) Classification system of words: nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Mean length of utterances (MLU) - Average length of a sample 100 of utterances
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Speech is the oral production of language Speech sounds are the product of four related processes: Respiration -Breathing that provides power Phonation -Production of sound by muscle contraction Resonation -Sound quality shaped by throat Articulation -Formation of recognizable speech by the mouth Mean length of utterances (MLU) - Average length of a sample 100 child utterances; computed by dividing the total number of morphemes in the sample by the number of utterances
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Most children follow a relatively predictable sequence in their acquisition of speech and language Birth to 6 months: Communication by smiling, crying, and babbling 7 months to 1 year: Babbling becomes differentiated 1 to 1.6 years: Learns to say several words 1.6 to 2 years: Word “spurt” begins 2 to 3 years: Talks in sentences, vocabulary grows 3 years on: Vocabulary grows Knowledge of normal language development can help determine whether a child is developing language at a slower-than-normal rate or whether the child shows an abnormal pattern of language development 9-3
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“Two people actively sharing attention with respect to an object or event and monitoring each other’s attention to that object or event” (Jones & Carr, 2004, p.13) Example: Kitten runs into the room and 3-year-old girl smiles and then looks at her mother and points at the cat Other terms for JA: Joint visual attention Commenting Indicating Social referencing Gaze following Monitoring Protodeclaratives Protoimperatives Coordinated joint engagement
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Develops about the end of 1 st year – 2 forms: Responding to another person’s directive attention – develops at end of 1 st year At 12-14 months, infants begin to “check back” and look at the person after first looking at the object Initiating attention of another person to the object or event Gaze shifts between object and familiar person Adults usually respond by labeling object or event Later combined with gestures, verbalizations, pointing, reaching, showing By the middle of the 2 nd year, joint attention is well-developed
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Specific cognitive ability to understand others as intentional agents Interpret their behaviour Attribute mental states Form theories of their intentions, desires and beliefs Allows prediction Reproduced from REF. 72 © 2000 Elsevier Science
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Evolutionary approach to theory of mind Selective advantages for organisms with an ability to interpret and predict behaviour on the basis of mental states Provides the ‘ why?’ and facilitates prediction Perrett and Emery (1994) Direction of Attention Detector Mutual Attention Mechanism Baron-Cohen (1994) Eye Direction and Intentionality Detectors Theory of Mind Module
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Detect the presence of eye-like stimuli Present in a large number of species Visual modality Detect and represent eye direction as an “Agent” seeing the Self or something else Process dyadic representations Agent-relation-Self, Agent-relation-Object Agent 1 -relation-Agent 2, Self-relation-Object
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Represent if the Self and another agent are attending to the same object or event Triadic relationships Agent and self are both attending to same object Self-relation-(Agent-relation-Object) Self-relation-(Agent 1 -relation-Agent 2 ) Links ID to EDD –Allows eye direction to be read in terms of volitional states
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