1. Commercial Biological Control Norm Leppla UF, IFAS, IPM Florida

2. Milestones in Commercialization of Biological Control 1895- Farming Trichogramma proposed 1926- Fillmore, mass prod. NE citrus pests 1929- Trichogramma on factitious host 1949- Chrysoperla colonization 1956- Predaceous mites, mites on strawberry 1968- Koppert established 1975- Trichogramma, European corn borer 1981- IOBC WGQC (AMRQC) 1988- Whitefly parasites, Europe glasshouses 1990- ANBP established in California 1995- Commercial artificial diet for predators 1995- IBMA established in France

3. Biological Control Organizations with Commercial Affiliations IOBC

4. The Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers (ANBP) is a professional, non-profit association representing the biological pest management industry. Members of ANBP are expected to adhere to a code of ethics which encourages the highest standards in the production and marketing of natural enemies. www.anbp.org www.anbp.org Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Commercial Natural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida and Other States (EDIS IPM-146 IN849)

5. Commercial Natural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida 56 commercial invetrebrate biological control products available in Florida (230 species invertebrates globally) 21 biopesticides available in Florida 51 suppliers for Florida (~250 globally) ~20 producers in North America, 0 in Florida (5/20 produce >3 species, 10 employees average) Revenue = $20-25 million for invertebrate products produced in North America, 3 companies > $1.5 million (~$200 million globally)

6. Global Sales 2%

8. Table 1. Habitats, pests, natural enemies and reference number

9. Tables 2-7. Number of natural enemy products and sources Table 2- Nematodes (8, 30) Table 3- Predatory mites (10, 26) Table 4- Predatory insects (15, 31) Table 5- Parasitic wasps (23, 31) Table 6- Biopesticides (21, 29) Table 7- Companies and websites (51)

10. Nematodes and Mites NEMATODES Heterorhabditidae- Heterorhabditis (2 spp) Steinernematidae- Steinernema (3 spp) ARACHNIDS Laelapidae- Hypoaspis (1 spp) Phytoseiidae- Amblyseius, Galendromus, Mesoseiulus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus (9 spp)

11. Predatory Insects Coleoptera Coccinellidae- Cryptolaemus, Delphastus, Hippodamia, Rhyzobius, Stethorus Cybocephalidae- Cybocephalus Histeridae- Carcinops Staphylinidae- Dalotia (also called Atheta) Diptera Cecidomyiidae- Aphidoletes, Feltiella Hemiptera Anthocoridae- Orius Pentatomidae- Podisus Neuroptera Chrysopidae- Chrysoperla Thysanoptera Thripidae- Scolothrips

12. Parasitic Wasps Hymenoptera Aphelinidae- Aphelinus, Aphytis, Encarsia, Eretmocerus (5 spp) Braconidae- Aphidius, Cotesia, Dacnusa (5 spp) Encyrtidae- Leptomastix, Metaphycus (2 spp) Eulophidae- Diglyphus, Pediobius (2 spp) Pteromalidae- Muscidifurax, Nasonia, Spalangia (6 spp) Trichogrammatidae- Trichogramma (3 spp)

13. Major Commercial Natural Enemies

15. Predators!

16. AspectChemical ControlBiological Control Number of ‘‘ingredients’’ tested>3.5 million3,500 Success ratio1:140,0001:10 Developmental costs$256 million$2 million Developmental time10 years Benefit/cost ratio2:12.5–20:1 Risks of resistanceLargeNil/small SpecificitySmallLarge Harmful side-effectsManyNil/small Comparison of Chemical and Biological Control Van Lenteren, J. C. 2011. The state of commercial augmentative biological control: plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. Biocontrol.

17. Incentives to Use of Biological Control Effective against pest Safe for environment High benefit/cost Reduced long-term cost Reduced risk to growers Reduced compliance Attitude of consumers Residue demands by food retailers and supermarket chains

18. Limitations to Use of Biological Control Attitude of the pesticide industry Attitude of farmers Attitude of governmental institutions Influence of guidelines and regulations Attitude of biological control community

19. Requirements for Commercialization Incorporation into IPM system Distirbution system and marketing Expertise (training) New markets and products Research support (team versus solo) Improved rearing and release methods Field tests to determine effectiveness Compatibility with pesticides Taxonomic expertise Quality control Supportive regulatory structure

20. Resistant Crop Competitors Natural enemies Resistant varieties Vulnerable Crop Invasive Pest Integrated pest management program Cultural practices Scouting, ID of pests & NEs Conservation of NEs Augmentation of NEs Reduced-risk insecticides Resistance management Pesticide program New insecticides New formulations New application methods Resistance management IPM Transition

21. Natural EnemySales Increases Natural Enemy Sales Increases Pesticide resistance Transgenic crops Loss of pesticides (regulatory) New more selective pesticides Cost of pesticides (registration) Alien invasive species Cropping systems (pollinators, organic)

22. New Product Development

23. Amblyseius swirskii

24. Western Flower Thrips Control in Cucumbers Mite Species

25. Bemisia tabaci Control on Hibiscus A. swirskii per plant B. tabaci with A. swirskii B. tabaci without A. swirskii Release dates

26. Amblyseius swirskii Effectiveness   Very high numerical response to availability of food   Highly efficacious against western flower thrips, greenhouse whiteflies and tobacco whiteflies   In combination with: Orius spp. against western flower thrips Whitefly parasites against whiteflies P. persimilis or A. californicus against two-spotted spider mites   Good establishment on pollen   Whiteflies can substitute for pollen in peppers   Good results in North and South Europe   May replace A. cucumeris, depending on release permits

27. Pesticide Side Effects

28. Global QC Programs Individual Companies Customers International Standards ISO 9000 IOBC Guidelines (European Community) The Marketplace Quality Products

29. Customer Service Many companies provide detailed information on how to use their products. The best companies deliver excellent customer service for site-specific biocontrol. The marketplace ultimately determines the usefulness of commercial natural enemies.

30. Information on Commercial Biological Control Information on Commercial Biological Control http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu