1. Prediction of Tropical Cyclones Chapter 9

2. Tropical weather data from traditional sources (surface and radiosonde) is scarce, so remote sensing via other methods including satellite soundings is necessary for observations and initializing numerical models.

3. Many surface stations in tropics provide sporadic data

4. Global Observing System

5. Types of Observed Data Class 1 instruments, which measure in situ at a point; they occupy a small volume of the phenomena being measured (e.g., air temperature measured by ground station thermometer). Class 2 instruments, which measure area-averaged or volume-averaged variables remotely (e.g., temperature derived from satellite radiance or precipitation derived from radar reflectivity). Class 3 instruments, which measure wind velocity from tracking physical targets and their observed displacement with time (e.g., sondes tracked by Global Positioning Satellites or wind velocity derived from tracking cloud elements in satellite images).

6. Improvement in Forecasts Using Dropsonde Data

7. Grid Point vs Spectral Models Grid point models rely on interactions between adjacent grid boxes. Spectral models are based on a series of sine and cosine waves, using similar physics

8. Numerical Models 1.Observations and satellite data are used to initialize the model. 2.The model uses dynamics and physics to advance model patterns to next time step 3.The model output can be processed to give various forecasting products, including MOS (model statistics) and ensemble model output

9. Tropical Cyclone Prediction I Motion 1. Steering Flow Level depends on Strength of Tropical Cyclone

10. Tropical Cyclone Prediction I Motion 2. Beta Effect 2. Fujiwhara Effect

11. Tropical Cyclone Prediction III Models Ensemble Model Forecasts use several model runs of same model Consensus Model Forecasts use several different models Statistical Model Forecasts are useful for intensity prediction, and also provide an independent assessment compared to dynamical models