1. Comparing legal vs. non-legal agreements Daniel Bodansky Arizona State University College of Law

2. How might an agreement influence state behavior?  Normative factors  Domestic political factors  Instrumental factors

3. Normative factors  Agreement changes view of appropriate behavior Creates sense of legal obligation, sense of duty to comply Promotes social learning, changes perceptions of self-interest Norms in agreement internalized, followed as a matter of course

4. Instrumental factors  Agreement changes states’ calculus of costs and benefits States comply because they are afraid that if they violate, others will as well States comply to to avoid reputational costs of violation Other states threaten to raise costs of violation by imposing sanctions Other states provide assistance to lower costs of compliance

5. Domestic political factors  Agreement changes domestic political game Empowers domestic agencies with implementation responsibilities Can be applied/enforced by domestic courts Gives NGOs a hook to pressure government

6. Legal form only one aspect of “bindingness”  Other factors can influence effectiveness Ambition Precision Mandatory quality of provisions Review mechanisms  Can be trade-offs among factors Legal form may lower effectiveness if leads to less amibitious, vaguer commitments

7. Effectiveness of political agreements  Negotiations can Increase public awareness Encourage social learning Lead to convergence of expectations  Agreement can Encourage domestic policy development and implementation Create review mechanisms Produce reputational costs for violation

8. Effectiveness of legal agreements  Legal agreements can Create stronger sense of internal obligation Reflect greater domestic buy-in Produce higher reputational costs for violation Allow domestic judicial implementation >> Legal agreements signal stronger commitment than political agreements

9. Is there empirical evidence that legal agreements more effective?  Most of scholarship on legal vs. non-legal agreements theoretical  Little empirical study comparing effectiveness of legal vs. non-legal agreements Usually, legal and non-legal agreements differ along other dimensions as well Hard to find an “apples to apples” comparison