1. Musculoskeletal Imaging

2. Normal radiological representation

3. Structure of bone and cartilage

4. Epiphysis Epiphysial line Diaphyses

6. Basic pathologic changes

7. Basic Pathologic Changes Osteoporosis Osteoporosis osteomalacia osteomalacia Osteosclerosis Osteosclerosis Periosteal new bone formation Periosteal new bone formation Sequestrum Sequestrum

8. Osteoporosis Definition: Definition: Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disorder of bone characterized by qualitatively normal but quantitatively deficient bone Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disorder of bone characterized by qualitatively normal but quantitatively deficient bone

9. The representation of osteoporosis

10. Osteoporosis Classificaton: Classificaton: It can be divided into generalized, regional ， and localized types and accompanies a variety of disease processes It can be divided into generalized, regional ， and localized types and accompanies a variety of disease processes

11. Osteoporosis Pathophysiology Condition accounting for reduced bone density,however,the quantity of bone is deficient but the quality is normal The normal equilibrium between the rate of bone formation and resorption is lost with resorption predominating

13. Osteoporosis Cause of a disease(in child):   Generalised osteoporosis osteogenesis imperfecta acute leukaemia chronic systemic disease, e.g. cystic fibrosis nutritional causes storage disorders

14. Osteoporosis Cause of a disease(in child):   Localised osteoporosis disuse (e.g. immobilisation post fracture) atrophy idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis AV malformation previous irradiation therapy

15. Osteoporosis Cause of a disease(in adult): Generalized osteoporosis age-related age-related accompanied endocrine disorders accompanied endocrine disorders Pregnancy Pregnancy alcoholism alcoholism Involvement of the axial skeleton and proximal portions of the long bones Involvement of the axial skeleton and proximal portions of the long bones

16. Osteoporosis Cause of a disease(in adult): Regional osteoporosis Regional osteoporosis disuse or immobilization disuse or immobilization transient osteoporosis of the hip transient osteoporosis of the hip regional migratory osteoporosis regional migratory osteoporosis Changes predominate in the appendicular skeleton. Changes predominate in the appendicular skeleton.

17. Osteoporosis Radiographic manifestation Radiographic manifestation The vertebral bodies may develop a biconcave shape or compression fractures The vertebral bodies may develop a biconcave shape or compression fractures In tubular bones the trabecular bone loss may cause the metaphyses to appear radiolucent In tubular bones the trabecular bone loss may cause the metaphyses to appear radiolucent Pathological fractures may occur at multiple sites Pathological fractures may occur at multiple sites Schmorls nodes Schmorls nodes acute and insufficiency fractures acute and insufficiency fractures

20. Osteoporosis MR imaging MR imaging in transient osteoporosis of the hip manifested as decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences in transient osteoporosis of the hip manifested as decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences The patient commonly has associated joint effusions in the affected hip The patient commonly has associated joint effusions in the affected hip Chemical shift fat suppression and STIR imaging techniques can be effective in the detection of transient bone marrow oedema Chemical shift fat suppression and STIR imaging techniques can be effective in the detection of transient bone marrow oedema

22. How to prevent it ? Milk and physical exercise

23. Osteomalacia Definition: Definition: Osteomalacia is a group of disorders resulting from inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy bone Osteomalacia is a group of disorders resulting from inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy bone

24. Osteomalacia Pathophysiology : Osteomalacia is characterized by abnormal quantities of osteoid coating the surfaces of trabeculae and lining the haversian canals in the cortex (osteoid seams) Osteomalacia is characterized by abnormal quantities of osteoid coating the surfaces of trabeculae and lining the haversian canals in the cortex (osteoid seams)

25. Osteomalacia Cause of a disease Deficienty of vitamin D Gastrointestinal malabsorption Metabolic bone disease of premature infants Liver disease (hepatic osteodystrophy ) Drug therapy Renal osteodystrophy Tumor-associated osteomalacia

26. Osteomalacia Radiographic manifestation Radiographic manifestation Loosers zones or Milkmans pseudofractures are strongly suggestive but not diagnostic of osteomalacia Loosers zones or Milkmans pseudofractures are strongly suggestive but not diagnostic of osteomalacia

27. Osteomalacia AP radiograph of the hip demonstrates generalized osteopenia and a linear lucency (representing a Looser's zone) in the medial cortex of the femur.

28. Osteomalacia - Back Pain Condition Osteomalacia is one of many conditions that can cause back pain. Osteomalacia is one of many conditions that can cause back pain. it is one of the first recognizable symptoms it is one of the first recognizable symptoms If your body doesn ’ t have enough vitamin D ， that can bring about osteomalacia If your body doesn ’ t have enough vitamin D ， that can bring about osteomalacia This condition causes your bones to become softer over time This condition causes your bones to become softer over time Your bones may even start to bend under the pressure of your own body weight Your bones may even start to bend under the pressure of your own body weight The type of back pain associated with osteomalacia is pain along your spinal column The type of back pain associated with osteomalacia is pain along your spinal column

29. Osteosclerosis Definition: Definition: Osteosclerosis is an abnormal hardening or increased density of bone on radiographs Osteosclerosis is an abnormal hardening or increased density of bone on radiographs

30. Osteosclerosis Cause of a disease: hyperparathyroidism renal osteodystrophy osteoarthritis skeletal metastasis myelofibrosis osteomyelitis

31. Osteosclerosis Location of disease Location of disease In renal osteodystrophy In renal osteodystrophy the axial skeleton is the dominant site of involvement; the pelvis, ribs and spine are affected most commonly the axial skeleton is the dominant site of involvement; the pelvis, ribs and spine are affected most commonly Osteosclerosis Osteosclerosis the vertebral bodies produces changes at both superior and inferior aspects, leading to an appearance termed the rugger jersey spine the vertebral bodies produces changes at both superior and inferior aspects, leading to an appearance termed the rugger jersey spine

32. Osteosclerosis Radiographic manifestation Radiographic manifestation Increased radiodensity of bone that may occur with various conditions including renal osteodystrophy, osteopetrosis and pyknodysostosis Increased radiodensity of bone that may occur with various conditions including renal osteodystrophy, osteopetrosis and pyknodysostosis

33. Osteosclerosis Renal osteodystrophy Renal osteodystrophy Renal osteodystrophy is a general term used to describe the bony changes associated with chronic renal disease Renal osteodystrophy is a general term used to describe the bony changes associated with chronic renal disease usually seen in late childhood usually seen in late childhood

34. Renal osteodystrophy The radiographic changes The radiographic changes apparent physeal widening (representing a widened zone of provisional calcification) apparent physeal widening (representing a widened zone of provisional calcification) metaphyseal flaring, cupping and irregularity metaphyseal flaring, cupping and irregularity

35. Renal osteodystrophy Renal osteodystrophy Osteopenia, subcortical resorption, lucent metaphyseal bands, widening of metaphysis

36. Renal osteodystrophy Thinning of cortices

37. Renal osteodystrophy The radiographic changes ： The radiographic changes ： the radiographic features of secondary hyperparathyroidism ： the radiographic features of secondary hyperparathyroidism ： focal areas of subperiosteal bone resorption and osteopenia focal areas of subperiosteal bone resorption and osteopenia Common sites of involvement include the radial aspect of the phalanges, distal radius, distal clavicle, symphysis pubis and lateral aspect of the femoral neck Common sites of involvement include the radial aspect of the phalanges, distal radius, distal clavicle, symphysis pubis and lateral aspect of the femoral neck

38. Renal osteodystrophy Radiograph of both hands demonstrating diffuse increased bone density coarse trabecular pattern and subperiosteal new bone formation particularly involving the medial aspect of the middle phalanges and distal radius and ulna

39. Renal osteodystrophy The radiographic changes ： The radiographic changes ： the radiographic features of secondary hyperparathyroidism ： the radiographic features of secondary hyperparathyroidism ： Osteosclerosis of the vertebral end plates may cause a "rugger jersey" spine. Osteosclerosis of the vertebral end plates may cause a "rugger jersey" spine. Ectopic calcification Ectopic calcification slipped epiphyses particularly the capital femoral epiphysis slipped epiphyses particularly the capital femoral epiphysis

40. “ rugger jersey" spine

41. "rugger jersey spine"

42. Renal osteodystrophy The radiographic changes ： The radiographic changes ： the radiographic features of secondary hyperparathyroidism ： the radiographic features of secondary hyperparathyroidism ： In severe long-standing cases brown tumor may develop, these are rounded lucencies with indistinct margins seen particularly within the pelvis or long bones In severe long-standing cases brown tumor may develop, these are rounded lucencies with indistinct margins seen particularly within the pelvis or long bones

43. Renal osteodystrophy Knee radiograph demonstrating a Brown tumor in the proximal right fibular metaphysis

44. Renal osteodystrophy Conclusion of radiography: Conclusion of radiography: Early - Osteopenia Early - Osteopenia Thinning of cortices and trabeculae gives "ground glass" x-ray Thinning of cortices and trabeculae gives "ground glass" x-ray Salt and pepper skull Salt and pepper skull Physeal thickening Physeal thickening Late epiphyseal ossification Late epiphyseal ossification Epiphyseal Slips - Preschool age: Proximal and distal femoral and distal tibial Epiphyseal Slips - Preschool age: Proximal and distal femoral and distal tibial

45. Renal osteodystrophy Conclusion of radiography: Conclusion of radiography: Late - Secondary hyperparathyroidism Late - Secondary hyperparathyroidism Subperiosteal cortical resorption - Distal phalanx, end of clavicle, pubis Subperiosteal cortical resorption - Distal phalanx, end of clavicle, pubis Lucent metaphyseal bands - are the best indicator of severity Lucent metaphyseal bands - are the best indicator of severity Bowing of long bones Bowing of long bones Rugger Jersey spine - Osteosclerosis of the end plates of the vertebral bodies Rugger Jersey spine - Osteosclerosis of the end plates of the vertebral bodies Brown Tumor (rare) Brown Tumor (rare)

46. Osteopetrosis Osteopetrosis Osteopetrosis is a thymic defect Osteopetrosis is a thymic defect The result is generalised osteosclerosis with dense, thick, brittle bones. The result is generalised osteosclerosis with dense, thick, brittle bones.

47. Osteopetrosis Radiographic appearance: Radiographic appearance: most marked with generalized osteosclerosis, cortical thickening, loss of normal cortico-cancellous differentiation and obliteration of normal trabecular pattern most marked with generalized osteosclerosis, cortical thickening, loss of normal cortico-cancellous differentiation and obliteration of normal trabecular pattern

48. Osteopetrosis a. Right lower leg, b, pelvis and femora, c. lateral spinal radiograph Note the marked sclerosis of the bones and pathological fracture in the fibula.

49. Osteopetrosis

50. Pyknodysostosis Definition: Pyknodysostosis is a dysplasia manifest clinically by dwarfism, increased bone fragility and sclerotic bones It is a syndrome chararacterized by osteosclerosis, short stature, short broad hands It is a syndrome chararacterized by osteosclerosis, short stature, short broad hands

51. Pyknodysostosis Radiological appearance: Radiological appearance: a widely open persistent anterior fontanelle 。 The angle of the mandible is very obtuse with severe micrognathia a widely open persistent anterior fontanelle 。 The angle of the mandible is very obtuse with severe micrognathia The vertebral bodies and long bones are sclerotic and with narrowing of the medullary canals The vertebral bodies and long bones are sclerotic and with narrowing of the medullary canals

52. Pyknodysostosis Lateral skull radiograph showing sclerosis of the skull. Both fontanelles are open.

53. Pyknodysostosis Radiograph of the lower limbs with very dense bones and fractures.

54. Periosteal new bone formation Definition ： Definition ： Periosteal new bone formation is a nonspecific response of the periosteum to a variety of causes; it may be focal or diffuse Periosteal new bone formation is a nonspecific response of the periosteum to a variety of causes; it may be focal or diffuse

55. Periosteal new bone formation Cause ： Cause ： physiological, congenital, infective, inflammatory, traumatic, metabolic, neoplastic physiological, congenital, infective, inflammatory, traumatic, metabolic, neoplastic

56. Periosteal new bone formation a spiculated "sunburst" pattern with undercutting of the margins (Codmans triangle) suggests a primary bone malignancy; a spiculated "sunburst" pattern with undercutting of the margins (Codmans triangle) suggests a primary bone malignancy; a laminated "onion skin" pattern can be seen with an aggressive lesion a laminated "onion skin" pattern can be seen with an aggressive lesion

57. Periosteal new bone formation Following trauma, focal periosteal new bone formation may be seen radiographically at 5~14 days Following trauma, focal periosteal new bone formation may be seen radiographically at 5~14 days The exact timing is dependent on the age of the child (earlier in the younger child, later in the older child) The exact timing is dependent on the age of the child (earlier in the younger child, later in the older child)

58. Periosteal new bone formation Periosteal new bone formation in non accidental injury is often more extensive than in accidental trauma Periosteal new bone formation in non accidental injury is often more extensive than in accidental trauma In non-accidental injury periosteal new bone formation can also occur in the absence of fractures In non-accidental injury periosteal new bone formation can also occur in the absence of fractures

59. Periosteal new bone formation Periosteal new bone formation may be the only radiographic evidence of a stress fracture and occurs at the site of deforming force Periosteal new bone formation may be the only radiographic evidence of a stress fracture and occurs at the site of deforming force

60. Periosteal new bone formation There is periosteal new bone in the tibial diaphysis secondary to a healing spiral fracture. The endosteal cortical thickening on the tibia medially

61. new bone formation Axial CT image of the proximal tibia demonstrating periosteal new bone on the posteromedial aspect secondary to a healing stress fracture.

62. Periosteal new bone formation （ Radiograph of the humerus ） in a child with a Ewing's sarcoma demonstrating spiculated sunburst periosteal new bone formation. in a child with a Ewing's sarcoma demonstrating spiculated sunburst periosteal new bone formation.

63. Sequestrum Sequestrum is a fragment of necrotic bone that becomes separated from healthy bone Sequestrum is a fragment of necrotic bone that becomes separated from healthy bone Sequestra may occur in various conditions, such as osteomyelitis, tuberculous arthritis Sequestra may occur in various conditions, such as osteomyelitis, tuberculous arthritis

64. Sequestrum radiographs of the femur demonstrate a healed fracture of the femoral diaphysis. A large rod-like sequestrum is observed in the medullary canal owing to chronic osteomyelitis

65. Sequestrum In haematogenous osteomyelitis, a sharply marginated bone lesion is seen as radiodense bone spicules caused by osseous necrosis In haematogenous osteomyelitis, a sharply marginated bone lesion is seen as radiodense bone spicules caused by osseous necrosis The sequestrum frequently lies in a space surrounded by granulation tissue The sequestrum frequently lies in a space surrounded by granulation tissue

66. Sequestrum In some cases the sequestrum may break through the cortex and enter the soft tissues, sometimes being discharged through draining sinuses In some cases the sequestrum may break through the cortex and enter the soft tissues, sometimes being discharged through draining sinuses Sequestra are best visualized using conventional tomography, CT scanning Sequestra are best visualized using conventional tomography, CT scanning