1. How Do Plants Reproduce? Chapter 3 Lesson 2

2. Reproduction of Seedless Plants: (p.100-101)
Nonvascular (mosses) and vascular (ferns) reproduce in the same way.
1) Gametophyte generation – Plants form gametes which are male and female cells. This forms a new plant.
When male and female gametes join together, they form a zygote.
This process is known as fertilization.
A fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte.
2) Sporophyte generation – The plants form spores, a single cell that can be carried to a new location by wind or water and grow into a new plant.

3. Reproduction of Seedless Plants: (p.100-101) - Continued
Seedless plants need a moist environment with lots of water to reproduce.
Green moss plants are gametophytes.
Moss sporophytes are the tall, thin stalks that grow from the gametophytes.
The spores are produced in capsules on the sporophytes, and when they’re ready, they pop open and the wind or water carries the spores elsewhere so a new plant can begin to grow.
With ferns, the same process happens.

4. Repoduction of Plants with Seeds: (p.102-103)
Seeds enable plants to grow in many environments. They don’t need a moist environment with lots of water for fertilization to happen.
Seeds of pines are considered to be “naked” because they are only protected by a seed coat.
A plant that produces naked seeds is a gymnosperm.
When the pollen (male part of the plant) joins with the ovules (female part of the plant) fertilization happens.
A new life cycle begins as the zygote develops into seeds.
When the seeds are ready, the cones separate, and the seeds (which have wings) travel on the wind.
When a seed lands in a suitable habitat, a tree begins to grow.

5. Gymnosperm: A plant that produces naked seeds.
Reproduction of Plants with Seeds: (p ) - Continued
Gymnosperm: A plant that produces naked seeds.

6. Reproduction of Plants with Seeds: (p.102-103) - Continued
Seeds inside fruit are protected (think of an apple). They are called angiosperms.
They have flowers, instead of cones.
The flowers produce seeds inside the fruit.

7. Flowers to Seeds: (p )
The petals of a flower are like advertisements for the flowers.
Colors: Lure animals to the flowers, making it more likely that the animals (like bees for example) will transfer their pollen.
Scents: Also help to attract animals as well.
Bees love the sugary nectar found in flowers. When they crawl in to get the nectar, the pollen sticks to the bee’s hair legs.
The pollen comes from the male part of the plant called the anther.
When a bee travels to another plant, some of the pollen that was stuck on the legs of the bee clings to the stigma.
The female part of the plant is called the stigma.
Once fertilization has happened (the pollen from the anther sticking to the stigma) an embryo begins to develop.
The embryo has a root and one or two leaves.

8. Flowers to Seeds: (p.104-105) - Continued

9. Seed Germination: (p.106)
Seeds can germinate, or sprout, when conditions are right for growth.
A thick hard seed coat protects the embryo until the seed is ready to germinate.
Some seeds germinate when there are enough hours of light.
Others germinate when the soil is warm enough.
A seed absorbs water, which breaks the seed coat. The embryo begins to grow.
The root emerges from the seed, anchoring the plant and absorbing water.
A shoot pushes up.
There are no leaves for the plant to make food. They get their food from cotyledons until the plant can make its own food.
When the plant develops leaves to make food, the plant begins to grow much faster.

10. Seed Germination: (p.106) - Continued