1. The Four Phases of Plant Biosecurity Management Adapting an emergency management model to protect the U.S. agricultural sector from intentional and unintentional biosecurity events

2. Contents  Best practice Preventing intentional and unintentional biosecurity problems Why an emergency management model? How does this apply to U.S. agriculture?  The four phases of emergency management  Applying the emergency management principles to plant biosecurity efforts

3. Best practice: proven management strategies for agricultural producers Part 1:

4. Best practice - continued This course is built on the premise that “best management practices” by agricultural producers and workers will help fight the threat of agroterrorism, and will also aid in the prevention of unintentional biosecurity problems – those caused by human error.

5. So why adapt an emergency management model?

6. Why emergency management? Data collected by state and federal agencies demonstrate that a comprehensive, coordinated, systematic approach is a highly effective strategy for dealing with a variety of emergency situations – both natural and created disasters.

7. How does an emergency management model apply to U.S. agriculture?

8. How does the model apply to those in the agricultural sector? As shown in Lesson One, U.S. agricultural systems – from production to transportation, storage, and processing - are highly vulnerable to acts of terrorism. In the event of an agroterrorist attack on U.S. soil, all individuals involved in the agricultural sector must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to quickly and appropriately respond to an emergency.

9. Part 2: The four phases of emergency management

10. The four phases of emergency management are: PreparednessResponse RecoveryMitigation

11. Each phase is multi-faceted with numerous individuals involved in every phase of the model Regional Government Offices State Government Nonprofit and Volunteer groups Federal Government Citizens Local Government & businesses

12. An important note: The four phases are not necessarily sequential “steps.” Preparedness Response Recovery Mitigation

13. Instead, the 4 phases are ongoing and interconnected; activities of one phase may flow into the others. PreparednessResponse Recovery Mitigation

14. In the traditional emergency management model, activities occurred within the context of natural disasters and catastrophic accidents. PreparednessResponse RecoveryMitigation Floods Fires Hurricanes Tornadoes Catastrophic Accidents Earthquakes Drought Blizzards

15. In the contemporary emergency management model, new hazards and threats must also be considered. PreparednessResponse RecoveryMitigation Floods Fires Hurricanes Tornadoes Catastrophic Accidents Earthquakes Drought Blizzards Random acts of terrorism Weapons of mass destruction Crop and livestock biosecurity terrorism against agricultural systems

16. Now let’s look at definitions for the four phases of emergency management: PreparednessResponse Recovery Mitigation

17. Preparedness Preparedness is any activity that helps an individual or organization to prepare for a timely and appropriate response to a potential hazard, accident, or terrorist event. Key words: prepare for a timely and appropriate response

18. Response Response is any action taken at any level of the government or private sector in response to the discovery of a potential problem. Key words: action taken in response to the discovery of a problem

19. Recovery Recovery is a lengthy, concerted effort to return the local community to normal operations after the plant biosecurity event has been effectively contained and controlled. Key words: a lengthy, concerted effort to return to normal operations

20. Mitigation Mitigation encompasses multiple strategies designed to reduce and eliminate plant biosecurity hazards and risks, thus avoiding the consequences associated with a potential hazard. Key words: multiple strategies designed to reduce and eliminate hazards and risks

21. Part 3: Applying the emergency management principles to plant biosecurity efforts in the U.S.

22. Individuals involved in agriculture must be engaged in numerous biosecurity activities: PreparednessResponse Recovery Mitigation

23. Agricultural producers work with numerous other individuals in every phase of the model NPDN (Regional Diagnostic Network) State Government Other producers and local community groups AHPIS (Federal Government) Agricultural producers Extension Service, local government & businesses

24. Uniform susceptibility and conducive environments Unintentional introduction of pathogens (human error) WMD used against agricultural systems With plant biosecurity management, the context for intentional and unintentional threats are considered. PreparednessResponse RecoveryMitigation Secure equipment and products

25. At the center of plant biosecurity management: The producer PreparednessResponse RecoveryMitigation

26. Plant Biosecurity Preparedness Preparedness activities may include Participating in educational seminars Creating biosecurity & emergency management plans Simulation exercises to test response systems Establishing official notification procedures in the event a potential problem is discovered.

27. Plant Biosecurity Response Response activities may include Securing a safe, viable sample Launching initial containment activities to halt the spread of a potential risk until an official diagnosis is made Working with specialists in the event that a plant biosecurity problem is officially diagnosed by the proper authorities.

28. Plant Biosecurity Recovery Recovery activities may include Destroying diseased plants, vines, or trees Cleaning affected equipment and facilities Obtaining government subsidies Bringing the affected land back into production

29. Plant Biosecurity Mitigation Mitigation activities may include Planting resistant varieties Monitoring/ surveillance/scouting fields Establishing visitor security measures Installing fences and security gates Installing field sensors

30. Later in this lesson you will have an opportunity to learn more about specific roles for producers in the U.S. plant biosecurity initiative. For your information...

31. If you would like to determine what you have remembered about this presentation, proceed to the Quick Quiz. Remember, this is a self-test for your learning purposes only. Your Quick Quiz score will not be recorded. Now return to Lesson 2, Teaching Scenario 1 For your information... Special thanks to Eric Evans of the Fire and Rescue Training Institute at the University of Missouri for his editorial help with this presentation.