1. CHAPTER 13 CHANGING THE LIVING WORLD

2. A. Selective breeding-choosing only animals with desired traits and mating or crossing them; this has been done with all domesticated animals and many food crops and flowers and trees 1. hybridization-crossing dissimilar individuals to hopefully get the best of both buffalo and a cow to get a beefalo donkey and a horse 2. inbreeding-breeding of organisms with similar traits makes organisms more homozygous and allows mutant genes to get together to produce mutant organisms B. Polyploidy-having an extra set of chromosomes; only occurs in plants, produces new species which often have larger flowers and fruits

3. Using a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase to make recombinant DNA restriction fragments with sticky ends

5. Gel Electrophoresis

6. Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR DNA polymerase for PCR was taken from bacteria that live in hot water; the primers are the key to which DNA gets replicated.

7. Cloning a Human Gene in a bacterial plasmid amp R -is a gene for antibiotic resistance Recombinant DNA

8. Cloning a Human Gene in a bacterial plasmid transformation-putting the plasmid into the bacteria

9. Bacteria that did not get a plasmid die on the plate that contains ampicillin Bacteria with a plasmid without the human DNA can make the enzyme to breakdown X-gal and they turn blue Bacteria that have the human gene in their plasmid cannot make the enzyme to break down X-gal and they stay white

10. Overview of How Bacterial Plasmids Are Used to Clone Genes

11. semistarvation

12. Dolly and her surrogate mother

13. Hello Dolly “Pharm” animals

15. Using restriction fragment patterns to distinguish DNA from different alleles; takes patience or luck

16. Restriction fragment analysis by Southern Blotting alkaline solution draws through the gel removing and denaturing some of the DNA Single stranded DNA is attached to the paper.

18. Sequencing of DNA by the Sanger Method Step 1 Make labeled cDNA strands with special nucleotides that stop the chain when they are added

19. Sequencing of DNA by the Sanger Method Step 2 Different length strands are produced randomly with the ddNucleotides stopping the strand polymerization when they are added

20. Sequencing of DNA by the Sanger Method Step 3 The new DNA strands are separated by gel electrophoresis.

21. Sequencing of DNA by the Sanger Method Step 4: Read the sequence of the strands from the bands on the autoradiograph

22. G A C T G A A G C

23. Alternative strategies for sequencing an entire genome. Celera used the maps and sequence data from the public consortium

24. DNA microarray for gene expression Proteomics-study of the full sets of proteins encoded by genomes Challenges: More proteins than genes Proteins differ with cell type and state Proteins are extremely variable in structure and function

25. DNA microarray for gene expression 2,400 human genes shows which genes are being made into protein in this cell

27. RFLP markers close to a gene

28. A possible gene therapy procedure Problems: In a multicellular organisms, it is difficult to get the gene into and expressed by enough cells to make a difference. We could eventually correct the defect in germ or embryonic cells but should we?

29. DNA fingerprints from a murder case RFLP markers from satellite DNA with “simple tandem repeats”

30. Pharmaceutical Products human insulin human growth factor plasminogen activator (clot busters) artificial vaccines Currently only made by bacteria and viruses

31. Using the Ti plasmid as a vector for genetic engineering in plants

32. Genetically modified Golden Rice with beta- carotene Ordinary Rice

33. Banding patterns

34. Analyzing DNA

35. Injecting DNA into a cell