1. URBANIZATION
“Cities have always been the fireplaces of civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into the dark, cold world.”
- Theodore Parker

2. Suburbanization
Infrastructure
Edge city
Planned communities

3. Central-place theory
World cities
Primate city

4. CBD (central business district)
Bid-rent theory
CBD (central business district)
Zoning
Commuter zone

5. Ghetto
Gentrification
Postindustrial city
High-tech corridors

6. MEGACITIES

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Transportation
Access to water routes more important prior to railroads
NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco
Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area
Originally located for commerce and defense
peninsulas and islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)
hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Access to fresh water
domestic consumption
level of industrialization, standard of living, and population growth

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Geological character
- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock
- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fields
Birmingham, England – near coal deposits
Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally located around diamond mines
Houston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of Mexico
Chicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to Corn Belt

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Situation can change over time –
+ discovery of new resource
+ construction of new recreational lake
- change in transportation patterns
- agricultural areas effected by drought

13. FUNCTIONS OF A CITY
Jobs and Services
Residential
Trade and Commerce
Manufacturing
Public Administration
Personal Services

14. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION
Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800
Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor
England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)
In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!

15. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT
Sail – Wagon Epoch ( )
Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward Europe
Boston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small domestic hinterlands
Iron Horse Epoch ( )
Crude national railroad network
Railroads converged with internal waterways
Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

16. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT
Steel-Rail Epoch ( )
Rapid development of iron and steel industries
Rapid industrial growth within Northeast and Midwest
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)
Complex highway and air transportation
Improved amenities and speed led to increase suburban development
Sunbelt migration

17. Bid Rent Theory
Related to the “gravity model” and “distance decay.”

19. Edge Cities

20. Central Place Theory
Spatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle
Walter Christaller
Node

21. PRIMATE CITY STATUS
A country’s leading city is always is proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant Mark Jefferson

22. PRIMATE CITY STATUS Not all countries have a primate city
India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore
China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro

23. RANK-SIZE RULE
The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc George Zipf

24. RANK-SIZE RULE Paris (2.2 million) v. Marseilles (800,000)
London (6.9 million) v.
Birmingham (1 million)
Mexico City (9.8 million)
v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)

25. MEGALOPOLIS Jean Gottman (1950s) 300 mile stretch of BosWash
Greek for “very large city”
Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas

26. MEGALOPOLIS
Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas
As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically
Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country

27. MEGALOPOLIS
Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important
Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center
40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins
30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis

28. PRIMATE CITY of the World
New York, New York
The City That Never Sleeps!

29. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”

30. World Systems theory
economic core
economic periphery
HDI

31. international division of labor transnational corporation
Globalization
international division of labor
transnational corporation
NAFTA

32. economic activities
commodity chains
Outsourcing
maquiladoras

33. Weber’s Least Cost Theory
industrial location
Bid Rent theory
time-space compression

34. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
Industrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h

35. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION

36. LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
Location theory helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures
Transportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries

37. LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
Weber’s least-cost theory
Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations

38. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries that industrialized
Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries

39. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
North American manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today
Asian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today

40. LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Enormous gaps between rich and poor, both globally and regionally
Underlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world

41. LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
21st century opened with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector
Rapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well

42. CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS
Spatial organization of world economy

43. ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
Declining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20th century
Technology is accelerating the pace of life

44. ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
Deindustrialization in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery
International labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts

45. QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

46. QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

47. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY

48. IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT

49. CRITIQUES OF MODELS Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory Core
Semi-periphery
Periphery

50. CRITIQUES OF MODELS Alfred Weber – Least Cost Theory
#1 cost in industrial location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market
Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories have their impact as well

51. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

52. Genetically modified plants
Agribusiness
Factory farming
Genetically modified plants
Norman Borlaug

53. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
Plant domestication
Agricultural regions
Intensive subsistence agriculture

54. Second Agricultural Revolution Plantation agriculture
Crop rotation
Johann Heinrich von Thunen

55. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w
THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

56. AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS Upper SE Asian Mainland Meso-America
Lower SE Asian Mainland
Eastern India
SWA
East African Highlands
Meso-America
North-Central China
Mediterranean Basin
Western Sudan
Andean Highlands
Eastern South America

57. AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES
Nigerian women spread seeds
Slash and burn in Peru
Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

58. AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

59. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Hunting & Gathering
Shifting Cultivation
(slash-and-burn)
Pastoral Nomadism

60. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Subsistence Ag
Commercial Ag
Mixed Crop & Livestock

61. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Dairy Farming
Grain Farming
Livestock Ranching

62. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
Mediterranean Ag
Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming
Plantation Farming

63. AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
Columbian Exchange
NAFTA

64. von THUNEN MODEL Originator of spatial models
Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

65. von THUNEN MODEL Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain
All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it
Farmers sought maximum profits
“Isolated state” – no trade connections
Possessed only one market
Located centrally in the state

66. von THUNEN MODEL

67. von THUNEN MODEL

68. von THUNEN MODEL

69. von THUNEN MODEL

70. von THUNEN MODEL

71. MODERN AG REVOLUTION
The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland
, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

72. MODERN AG REVOLUTION
average yields
Rice 52%; Wheat %;

73. MODERN AG REVOLUTION
PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies
Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

74. MODERN AG REVOLUTION HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS
New variations of seeds/plants
Irrigation
Mechanization
Fertilization
Use of pesticides
More food

75. MODERN AG REVOLUTION Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of land
Ground water depletion
Conflict between agricultural societies and urban sprawl

76. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION
Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

77. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN AG REVOLUTION
Increased mechanization
Development of biotechnology

78. HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE
Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?