1. The Division of Household Labor Introduction to Family Studies November 22, 2015 1

2. Project REMEMBER the Project is Due Monday, April 25 – You can post to new link on the wiki! On LEFT panel: FINAL PROJECTS PLEASE POST HERE Naming of file is important and include group member names and MONTCLAIR e-mail addresses! APA stands for American Psychological Association http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/ 07/ November 22, 2015 2

3. Why study the division of household labor?  Research on housework has implications for gender inequality in both the work and family spheres ▫Good example of the inter-relationship between two social institutions, the economy and families  Research on housework also highlights the interplay between the micro and macro levels  Study of housework shows how gender is socially constructed November 22, 2015 3

4. Why study the division of household labor? Unequal social change: Major change in one social institution -- the economy -- increase in the percentage of married women and mothers in the labor force is not met by similar change in -- families -- in the amount of household labor performed by married men/fathers November 22, 2015 4

5. Why study the division of household labor? Unequal social change:  In other words – married women and mothers have taken on more paid work responsibility but still devote more time to unpaid family work  While men have not “taken up the slack” at home in equal amounts of time or responsibility November 22, 2015 5

6. Division of Household Labor Today we’ll examine the time spent on housework By wives and husbands By teen girls and boys November 22, 2015 6

7. Division of Household Labor The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports: 6 in 10 women over age 16 were in the paid labor force 61 % of mothers with children under age 3 are in the paid labor force November 22, 2015 7

8. Labor force participation rates for married women, by age of youngest child 8 Ages 6-17 Under Age 6 Under age 6 Ages 6 - 17

9. Has Women’s Labor Force Participation Slowed? Recent article in the NY Times states “Stretched to the Limit, Women Stall March to Work” Argument is that without more help with housework, working mothers have “hit a wall” The increase in women’s labor force participation has helped fuel economic growth Source: New York Times, 3/2/2006 November 22, 2015 9

10. Paid Labor Force Participation So today about 75 percent of women ages 25-54 are in the paid labor force or actively seeking work Up from 40 percent in the late 1950s This trend flattened in the 1990s Since 2000 the labor force participation rate has declined somewhat When new data become available it is likely the rate will go up Source: New York Times, 3/2/2006 November 22, 2015 10

11. Unpaid work: The good news According to a survey by John Robinson From 1965 to 1985 the time men spent on household labor doubled from 4.6 hours per week to 10 hours per week Over the same period, women reduced their time spent in housework from 27 hours to 20 hours November 22, 2015 11

12. Unpaid work: The bad news It appears men are doing a larger proportion of housework and child care, but much of this change was due to women reducing their time on housework Numerous studies based on different data sources show wives still perform about 2/3 of housework, even when they work full-time November 22, 2015 12

13. Unpaid work: The bad news Data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) collected from 6,882 husbands and wives on hours spent on 9 household chores November 22, 2015 13

14. Mean Number of Hours Spent on 9 Household Tasks per Week by Dual-Earner Spouses 14 Source: NSFH, 1993

15. Unpaid work: The bad news Wives do a greater number of tasks than husbands And they spend more time on housework On average, dual-earner wives spent 32 hours each week on 9 household tasks Dual-earner husbands spent only 19 hours per week on same tasks November 22, 2015 15

16. Unpaid work: The bad news These same wives spent on average 40 hours per week in paid labor While, husbands spent 44 hours per week in paid labor In sum, wives spent a total of 72 hours per week in paid and unpaid labor, while husbands spent 63 hours in paid and unpaid labor combined November 22, 2015 16

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18. Unpaid work: The bad news In other words, dual-earner wives spent 9 more hours per week working than their husbands This adds up to 36 hours per month Arlie Hochschild calls wives’ extra work the “Second Shift” November 22, 2015 18

19. Unpaid work: The worse news Given significant changes in women’s lives: 1) Higher labor force participation rates 2) Changing attitudes toward more gender equality 3) Greater educational opportunities for girls… we might expect less gendered division of housework among children? November 22, 2015 19

20. Weekly hours Spent by Teens on Household Tasks, Grades 9 & 12 November 22, 2015 20

21. Mean Hours Spent on Selected Activities – Grade 9 21 November 22, 2015 Source: Youth Development Survey

22. Unpaid work: The worse news In ninth grade, girls spend more time on paid work, homework, and housework than boys Boys spend more time on extra-curricular activities across high school Teen girls are already learning to multi-task by ninth grade Girls and boys are growing up to expect a gendered and unfair division of labor November 22, 2015 22

23. Unpaid work: The bad news At the same time, NSFH data also show that: 90 percent of wives and 81 percent of husbands agree that couples who work full-time should share household tasks equally 72 percent of dual-earner husbands and 66 percent of dual-earner wives say the division of household labor is fair to both spouses What explains these conflicting data? November 22, 2015 23

24. Wives' & Husbands' Perceptions of Fairness of the Division of Household Labor 24 November 22, 2015

25. Sex and Housework Link My research shows a link between time spent on housework and sexual frequency among married couples Check out this article on our research in the Wall St. Journal http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487 04500604574485351638147312.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487 04500604574485351638147312.html And Professor Gager on TV! http://www.nbcnewyork.com/shows/lxnewyork/Do es_the_Couple_That_Cleans_Together_Stay_Toge ther__All__National_.htmlhttp://www.nbcnewyork.com/shows/lxnewyork/Do es_the_Couple_That_Cleans_Together_Stay_Toge ther__All__National_.htmlNovember 22, 2015 25

26. The Second Shift Arlie Hochschild reviews data on the division of household labor Shows that women are working a “second shift” of housework, after they work at their paid job She also talks about how wives compare themselves to other women – not to their own husbands November 22, 2015 26

27. The Second Shift What is the stalled revolution? Unequal social change Women have entered the labor force, but men are not doing equal amounts of work in the home November 22, 2015 27

28. The Second Shift Joey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan Holt How did you answer the questions for Assignment 6? Hochschild describes the family myths used by couple Nancy and Evan Holt In other words, she tells the story they make up about their division of labor but what is the real story according to Hochschild? November 22, 2015 28

29. The Second Shift Joey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan Holt Assignment 6? 1. According to Hochshcild, what is the “Second Shift?” 2. Briefly describe the story of Evan and Nacy Holt. 3. Hochschild argues that families create “myths” about their division of household labor. Describe the family myth created by Nancy and Evan Holt. November 22, 2015 29

30. The Second Shift Joey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan Holt Assignment 6? 4. According to Hochschild, what is the purpose of family myths? 5. Was this reading surprising to you and why? How do you imagine you will divide family work (including child care) in your own marriage or cohabitation? November 22, 2015 30

31. Families and unpaid work: Where do we go from here? Summary Girls and women perform more household labor than their male peers Hochschild calls this the “Second Shift” If women and girls continue to do more unpaid labor, will we see real change in gender inequality at the macro and micro levels? If we do not close the gender gap at home, can we close the gender gap at work? November 22, 2015 31