1. 1 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING FOR CHERENKOV TELESCOPE ARRAY CTA: DEVELOPMENT OF A HSRL PROTOTYPE FOR SYNERGY WITH RAMAN LIDAR NTUA National Technical University of Athens National Technical University of Athens E. Fokitis S. Maltezos A. Papayannis A. Aravantinos V. Gika M. Kompitsas P. Fetfatzis N. Maragos Y. Manthos

2. 2 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Outline  VHE gamma ray astronomy & CTA observatory  Atmospheric monitoring for CTA  Design of a HSRL and synergy with RAMAN Lidar  Performance evaluation of a laser source  Optical characterization of F-P etalon receivers  Conclusions and Prospects

3. 3 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 VHE  -ray astronomy Some of scientific issues: Some of scientific issues:  Understand the High Energy cosmic phenomena and the relevant objects.  Identify the main cosmic accelerators, both galactic and extra galactic.  Search in extreme conditions for exotic phenomena implying new physics. The VHE photons travelling through large distances are powerful probe of fundamental physics under extreme conditions. Electromagnetic Processes Synchrotron emission Inverse Compton scattering (IC) Bremsstrahlung Hadronic Cascades Decay of neutral pions produced by CRs interacting with the ambient gas. p+p   ± +  0 +…  e ± + v +  … Possible mechanisms producing γ-rays: Possible mechanisms producing γ-rays:

4. 4 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Ground based observatories Gamma-ray fluxes for E>1 TeV are typically of the order of 2x10 -7 m -2 s -1, and thus, large detection area (>10 5 m 2 ) is required. Some contemporary observatories using IACT [ Alessandro De Angelis, INAF INFN/Univ. Udine & LIP/IST ECRS, Turku 2010 ]

5. 5 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 The Imaging Atmospheric-Cherenkov Technique [ Alessandro De Angelis, INAF INFN/Univ. Udine & LIP/IST ECRS, Turku 2010 ] Cherenkov angle (θ c ): ~1 0 Energy threshold: 21 MeV in NPT conditions Energy threshold: 21 MeV in NPT conditions Maximum at 1 TeV shower: Height: 8 km, 200 photons/m 2 in the Visible Maximum at 1 TeV shower: Height: 8 km, 200 photons/m 2 in the Visible Angular spread: 0.5 0 Angular spread: 0.5 0 Using an array of telescopes we can accomplish better:  background reduction of CRs  angular resolution (~arcmin at T1 eV)  energy resolution (~15 %)

6. 6 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 The CTA Observatory  The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a proposed advanced facility for ground based high energy gamma ray astronomy.  This approach has proven to be extremely successful for gamma rays of energies above 100 GeV.  The facility will consist of an array of telescopes enhancing the all sky monitoring capability and using low, medium and high energy sections.

7. 7 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Atmospheric monitoring for CTA  The monitoring direction has to follow the event direction.  The contribution of the NTUA Team to the CTA experiment deals with the appropriate instrumentation for high-accuracy atmospheric monitoring.

8. 8 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Developing a multi-wavelength HSRL  The HSRL allows higher sensitivity in comparison with Raman LIDAR because of the greater cross section of the interaction.  The effort now is to assemble a pulsed SLM coherent laser system at 355 nm. Via Raman cells it can provide additional UV and near UV wavelengths (multi-wavelength feature).  Fabry-Perot etalon pair is used to distinguish the signal contributions of aerosol and molecular scattering. The spectral region of the detector’s sensitivity practically, lies in the range about 325 - 525 nm. The spectral region of interest for multi- wavelength atmospheric monitoring can be narrower, in the range 350 to 450 nm. higher night sky background

9. 9 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Spectral structure of the signal The Lidar equation describing the backscattered signal by molecules (m) and aerosols (particulates) (p) in the atmosphere:  The height of the measurement is pre- selected by the timing of the detection.  An accurate determination of the height can be achieved using the correlation function between the transmitted and the backscattered pulse. Height determination: Height determination: Spectral discrimination: Spectral discrimination: Backscattering coefficient Extinction coefficient Signal composition

10. 10 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 An indicative design of HSRL in backscattering mode Design configuration of HSRL (1) Light source (transmitter): pulsed, narrow line SLM laser at neat UV 355 nm + gas Raman cells (being developed) (2) Spectral discriminators (receivers): two, high overall finesse F-P etalons with different FSRs (being developed) (3) Receiver telescope: mounting and rotation mechanism (prototype) + parabolic mirror, polishing quality ~λ/8 (available) (4) Signal detectors: high-sensitivity LN-cooled CCD (available and recently tested) + UV band-pass optical filter (available) Sub-systems and specification of a multi-wavelength HSRL: Sub-systems and specification of a multi-wavelength HSRL: (1) (2) (3) (4)

11. 11 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 HSRL in synergy with RAMAN The methodology illustrating the how to determine the optical parameters of the atmospheric constituents the molecular number density of the reference gas (nitrogen) : extinction coefficient for aerosols at  : extinction coefficient for molecules at 0 : reference Raman signal RAMAN: the signal depends on α alone HSRL: the signaldepends on both β and α HSRL: the signal depends on both β and α : the molecular volume-backscatter coefficient : the molecular extinction coefficient : the volume backscatter coefficient of aerosol and clouds : the Rayleigh backscatter power : the Mie backscatter power [ A. ANSMANN, et al, Appl. Phys. B 55, 18-28 (1992) M. IMAKI, Y. TAKEGOSHI and T. KOBAYASHI, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 44, No. 5A, 2005, pp. 3063–3067]

12. 12 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 RAMAN Lidar setup in NTUA  Recently acquired Quanta Ray laser 1.2 J per pulse (not SLM) operating at 1064, 532 and 355 nm.  Option of injection seeding for frequency stabilization.  The NTUA Raman lidar with a multi-wavelength detection box at: 355-387 (nitrogen 1 st Stokes)-407 (water vapor 1 st stokes)-532-607 (water vapor 1 st Stokes)-1064 nm. RAMAN LIDAR setup of NTUA Atmospheric Environment group with 300 mm telescope If the seeder is funded, then it is feasible to operate in HSRL mode

13. 13 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Studying the laser mode competition 1.05 A 1.55 A 2.00 A Τest of Nd:YVO 4 DPSS CW SLM Laser at 532 nm using a spectrum analyzer (scanning confocal F-P etalon 2 GHz FSR). Capture of the spectrum analyzer signal observed at the oscilloscope. A recently purchased Nd:YVO 4 DPSS CW SLM Laser at 1064 nmhas to be converted to pulsed and amplified. In a subsequent stage a Second Harmonic Generation and a Sum Frequency Mode will used for providing the 355 nm beam. A recently purchased Nd:YVO 4 DPSS CW SLM Laser at 1064 nm has to be converted to pulsed and amplified. In a subsequent stage a Second Harmonic Generation and a Sum Frequency Mode will used for providing the 355 nm beam.

14. 14 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Studying the frequency drift (1) SLM CW DPSS Laser at 532 nm (2) Beam reflector ~4 % (glass) (3) Scanning confocal Fabry- Perot (4) Laser Power Supply (4) Laser Power Supply (5) Digital Oscilloscope (5) Digital Oscilloscope (6) Sawtooth voltage generator (6) Sawtooth voltage generator (7) Voltage Amplifier (7) Voltage Amplifier  The frequency drift rate, following an exponential-shape curve by time, tends to zero.  The SLM feature is achieved. After about 7 h (temperature stabilization) :

15. 15 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Molecular channel test at UV region Experimental setup for testing molecular F-P etalon (1) with spacer d=13.015 mm: Use of mercury low pressure spectral lamp (2) with a narrow filter (3) at 365 nm. A system of three fringe patterns corresponding to the triplet at 365 nm (3 transition lines spaced by 0.5 and 1 nm). 2-D plot of intensity showing the three fringe system. 2 3 3 1 Triplet at 365 nm Low pressure mercury lamp spectrum

16. 16 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Evaluation of the etalon parallelism The excess fraction (ε) is determined in a grid of x,y points. The variation of ε reflects the effective spacing variation (parallelism defect). x y The relative spacing variation for a commercial as a reference (5 mm). Parallelism=λ/50 (P-V) The relative spacing variation of the etalon under test (13 mm). Parallelism=λ/4 (P-V) Wavelength used: λ=435 nm) D=70 mm

17. 17 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011  1 st stage of analysis: determination of the “excess fractions”  i (i=1,2) of the 2-D fringe pattern for both wavelengths.  2 nd stage of analysis: optimum solution investigation algorithm in the “Excess Fraction Space” by a novel method developed. Determination of the effective spacing Modular equation system to be solved: min A precision of few nm is feasible ! REQUIREMENT ! At least two well-known lines (wavelengths 1 and 2 with an accuracy of the order of 2×10 -8 ). Optimum solution for  ´ 1 and  ´ 2 Optimum-ideal solution for d Modular Equation system Optimum solution for d Not feasible

18. 18 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Mounting type of receivers Etalon for the molecular channel: Mounting type proposed for this etalon (13 mm spacer): “Hansen mount” type applied at Dynamic Explorer Fabry-Perot made of “invar”. [ T. Killean et al, Appl. Opt. 21, 3903-3912 (1982) ] Etalon for the aerosol channel: Mounting system proposed of this etalon (100 mm spacer): a cylinder made of “zerodur”.

19. 19 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 A multi-wavelength in near UV HSRL design for atmospheric monitoring in CTA observatory is on the way at NTUA. The synergy of HSRL/RAMAN lidar promises higher accuracy of atmospheric monitoring, thus we are studying this possibility. The frequency stability and SLM feature of the tested CW laser is established after certain time of operation. Our methods for characterization of the F-P etalon receivers were verified and can help us for serious improvements. A near future prospect of our team is to accomplish funding for injection seeding to the Quanta Ray laser of 1.2 J per pulse for operating in HSRL mode. Conclusions and Prospects

20. 20 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011

21. 21 Backup transparencies

22. 22 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 S. Maltezos XXIX Workshop on Recent Advances in Particle Physics and Cosmology - Patras 2011 Determination of the effective spacing - 2