1. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum, showing the relationships between important spectroscopic techniques and the energy and wavelength of the radiation.

2. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.2 Symmetry on the macroscopic scale. (a) The McEwan Hall, the University of Edinburgh’s graduation hall. Courtesy of the University of Edinburgh. (b) Five-fold symmetry in a Codonopsis flower.

3. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.3 Symmetry in molecules: (a) octahedral SF 6, (b) trigonal-bipyramidal PCl 5, (c) SiCl 3 Ph and (d) a square-planar platinum complex.

4. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.4 Rotation axes relating equivalent atoms in (a) H 2 O 2 (C 2 ), (b) [Ni(C 5 H 5 )(NO)] (C 5 ), and (c) PF 5 (C 3 and three C 2 ).

5. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.5 Inversion centers relating equivalent atoms in (a) (SiBrClH)2, (b) XeF 4, and (c) Mo(CO) 6.

6. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.6 Mirror planes relating equivalent atoms in (a) SiBrCl 2 H, (b) SiH 2 Br 2 (two vertical planes,  v ), and (c) PF 5 (one of three vertical mirror planes,  v, and one horizontal plane,  h ).

7. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.7 Rotation-reflection operations in (a) SiCl 4, drawn looking down the S 4 axis; note that in this example neither the rotation by 2  /4 by itself nor the reflection in a plane perpendicular to this axis generate a configuration equivalent to the initial one, but the combined operation does; (b) Sn(  5 -C 5 Ph 5 ) 2, showing an almost perfect S 10 operation, looking down the axis. Reprinted with permission from [2]. Copyright 1984 American Chemical Society.

8. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.8 (a) cis-N 2 F 2, showing the 2-fold axis C 2 (z) and the two mirror planes  v (xz) and  v (yz) parallel to that axis, (b) trans-N 2 F 2, showing the 2-fold axis C 2 (z) and the perpendicular mirror plane  h (xy) and inversion center, i.

9. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.9 The symmetry elements of the point groups (a) D 3, (b) D 2d and (c) D 6h. (a) A twisted form of ethane, neither perfectly staggered nor eclipsed, viewed along the C 3 axis. (b) Allene, where the planes xz and yz are  d planes and the C ’ 2 axes lie at 45 o to the x and y axes in the xy plane. (c) Benzene. Note that the C 6 axis includes C 3, C 2, S 6 and S 3 axes. Also shown are the three C ’ 2 axes (one of which lies along x) and the three C ” 2 axes (one of which lies along y). The xy plane is sh, and there are vertical mirror planes including each C ’ 2 and C ” 2 axis; the center of the molecule is an inversion center, i.

10. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.10 (a) A vibration symmetric to the C 2 (z) rotation axis of H 2 O, and (b) a vibration antisymmetric to this axis.

11. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.11 The symmetry representation of the 2s, p x, p y and p z oxygen atomic orbitals of H 2 O.

12. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.12 The reducible representation of the 2 x H 1s atomic orbitals.

13. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.13 The irreducible representations of the two H 1s symmetry-adapted linear combination orbitals (a) a 1, symmetric and (b) b 2, antisymmetric.

14. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.14 Morse potential and harmonic (parabolic) potential-energy surfaces for a diatomic molecule. The dissociation energy, D e, represents the energy required to sever the chemical bond.

15. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.15 A two-variable potential-energy surface of CClF 2 NO.

16. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.16 (a) Schematic diagram of a diamond anvil cell. Reprinted with permission from [11] Copyright 2008 IUCr, and (b) a single crystal in a pressure-transmitting medium viewed through the window of the diamond anvil cell. Reprinted with permission from [12]. Copyright 2011 John Wiley and Sons.

17. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.17 Electronic spectra of solutions of [Au 11 (PMe 2 Ph) 10 ] 3+ (a) following addition of Cl -, showing progressive transformation to [Au 13 (PMe 2 Ph) 10 Cl 2 ] 3+ (b). The isosbestic points near 335 and 395 nm show that any intermediates have no absorption in these regions. Reprinted with permission from [14]. Copyright 1984 John Wiley and Sons.

18. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.18 Schematic diagram illustrating how laser light is generated.

19. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.19 Schematic and aerial photograph of Diamond Light Source, the UK’s national synchrotron facility located in south Oxfordshire. The circumference of the storage ring is 561.6 m. Images courtesy of Diamond Light Source.

20. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.20 (a) The variation of an N - H bond length with respect to time. (b) Fourier transformation of these data yields the vibrational spectrum.

21. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.21 A normal distribution of values, with the  standard deviation confidence levels marked.

22. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.22 Histogram of symmetry-expanded M-P-X-C dihedral angles for (a)M-PEt 3 and (b)M-P(OMe) 3. Reproduced from [16] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

23. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.I and 2.II

24. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.III, 2.IV and 2.V

25. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.VI

26. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.VII

27. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.VIII

28. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 2.IX