1. ‘?:. Acid Rain Neutral water has a pH of 7 Neutral water has a pH of 7 Pure “pristine” rain has a pH of 5.6 Pure “pristine” rain has a pH of 5.6 This is due to dissolved CO 2 in the rainwater This is due to dissolved CO 2 in the rainwater Rain which has a pH < 5.6 is acid rain Rain which has a pH < 5.6 is acid rain

2. How is acid rain formed?

3. Combustion of fossil fuels in power plants Combustion of fossil fuels in power plants Automotive engine emissions Automotive engine emissions Non-combustion sources such as metal ore smelting plants, and industrial chemical processing plants Non-combustion sources such as metal ore smelting plants, and industrial chemical processing plants Lightening Lightening Volcanic eruptions Volcanic eruptions Sea salt spray Sea salt spray

4. What are the primary sources of acid rain?

5. Buffers and Acid Rain

6. Acid Rain’s Effects Acid rain leaches K +, Ca 2+, and Mg 2+ ions (essential nutrients) from soil Acid rain leaches K +, Ca 2+, and Mg 2+ ions (essential nutrients) from soil Acid rain mobilizes Al 3+ and other toxic metals Acid rain mobilizes Al 3+ and other toxic metals

7. Concentration Units % (Parts per hundred) % (Parts per hundred) ppm (parts per million) 1 in 1,000,000 or 1 in 10 6 ppm (parts per million) 1 in 1,000,000 or 1 in 10 6 ppb (parts per billion) 1 in 1,000,000,000 or 1 in 10 9 ppb (parts per billion) 1 in 1,000,000,000 or 1 in 10 9 How many grams of NaCl are in 25mL of a 0.1% NaCl (w/v) NaCl solution? Assume the density of the solution is 1g/mL.

8. I want to make 500mL of a 350 ppm NaOH, how may grams of NaOH do I need? Assume the density is 1g/mL. I want to make 500mL of a 350 ppm NaOH, how may grams of NaOH do I need? Assume the density is 1g/mL.

9. Concentration Units Example The maximum allowed concentration of ozone in the troposphere (lower part of the atmosphere) before it starts to be unhealthy is 0.08ppm. If 100 liters of air were analyzed and found to contain 0.13g of ozone, is the air over the safe limit? The density of air is 0.00125g/mL. The maximum allowed concentration of ozone in the troposphere (lower part of the atmosphere) before it starts to be unhealthy is 0.08ppm. If 100 liters of air were analyzed and found to contain 0.13g of ozone, is the air over the safe limit? The density of air is 0.00125g/mL.

10. The maximum allowed concentration of ozone in the troposphere (lower part of the atmosphere) before it starts to be unhealthy is 0.08ppm. If 100 liters of air were analyzed and found to contain 0.13g of ozone, is the air over the safe limit? The density of air is 0.00125g/mL.

11. Concentration Unit Example The maximum allowed concentration of Pb in drinking water is 7.24 x 10 -8 M. In Door County, WI, 5 liters of water was analyzed for Pb and found to contain 325  g. Is Door County in compliance? The maximum allowed concentration of Pb in drinking water is 7.24 x 10 -8 M. In Door County, WI, 5 liters of water was analyzed for Pb and found to contain 325  g. Is Door County in compliance?