1. Patrick Sijenyi, 13 th July 2012 Can Community Led Total Sanitation accelerate sustainable progress towards achieving the MDG sanitation target? Case Study: Eritrea

2. Preview : 1.0 Background and Country context 2.0 Study Objectives vis a vis Learned Concepts 3.0 Critical evaluation of the Relevance & Applicability of learned concepts to current sanitation situation. 4.0 Sustainability. 5.0 Next Steps…suggested areas for further work

3. 1.0 Background & Country Context Area approx 122,000km2 Est. pop’n = 3.46m (GSE, 2011) Rural Pop’n = approx 2.4 m Access to improved latrine facilities (rural pop’n) = 4% (UNICEF/WHO, 2010) Open Defecation = 70-96% Sanitation Policy developed and rolled out. CLTS rolled out in 2009, out of 2,644 villages, only 117 declared ODF Unlikely to meet the MDG sanitation target of 54%

4. 1.What method(s) does CLTS use to motivate and empower communities to become open defecation free? 2.How sustainable is the CLTS approach? What is sustainability-as understood in relation to CLTS? 3.Can CLTS achieve results at scale? This study focuses specifically on open defecation free declared villages. 2.0 Case Study Questions vis a vis Learned Concepts

5. 3.0 C ritical evaluation of the Relevance & Applicability of learned concepts to current sanitation situation 5 Objective No. Learned ConceptRelevance and Applicability 1 (Motivation & Empowerm ent) Norm shift and Norm creation 1.Move from Open Defecation to a new social norm 2.Open defecation-custom: actors respond in similar motivation, convenient, meets an existing need, no investment needed. 3.Open defecation free: New social norm: people believe conforms to normative ( most people in their relevant network believe they ought to conform to it) and empirical expectations ( most people in their relevant network conform to it) 4.Empirical expectations and normative expectations have to be kept “alive” to sustain new norm. 1Organized Diffusion (from core to community) Tailored along the Outreach model. Utilizes a Core Group of Change Agents to implement programme

6. 3.0 C ritical evaluation of the Relevance & Applicability of learned concepts to current sanitation situation 6 Objective No. Learned ConceptRelevance and Applicability 2 (Scaling Up) Organized Diffusion (community to community) Observed during ODF celebrations Leaders from OD practicing villages invited during the celebrations. Some take it upon themselves to champion CLTS within their areas. 1Change of approach in sanitation programming- social norm lens From supply driven, subsidy based approaches to demand responsive, community based participatory approaches. Subsidy approach-No social expectations created around sanitation

7. Critical Evaluation (Cont’d)-Change of Approach explained Establish whether there is a social norm problem, assess existing networks, establish trust between community and implementer Pre-Triggering Triggering Create personal normative expectations through the identification of natural leaders, development of community action plan Triggering CLTS programme implementation process Assess individual believes, normative expectations and creation of common knowledge through participatory tools used e.g. transect walk/walk of shame, open defecation mapping, food and faeces, water and faeces, shit and shake

8. Critical evaluation (Cont’d)-Change of Approach explained Establish normative expectation Through latrine construction and empirical expectation during ODF certification, ODF Declaration and celebration. Establish normative expectation Through latrine construction and empirical expectation during ODF certification, ODF Declaration and celebration. Post -Triggering “CLTS and beyond”- strengthen established factual and personal believes and sustenance of normative and empirical expectations. Incentives (internal/external) and sanctions in place. Post – Triggering CLTS programme implementation process

9. 4.0 Sustainability 9 Issues: a)Lack of common clarity on theme/guiding principles on sustainability-many dimensions; b)Only 117 villages out of 2,644 villages are ODF; c)Critical mass of villages yet to become ODF thereby reaching the tipping point and creating the necessary expectation that would sustain this new, positive norm. d)Social norms-opportunity to focus on “behavioural” sustainability e)Diagnostic tool to assess sustenance of created norms within ODF declared villages drafted. Factual BeliefsPersonal normative beliefs Empirical expectationsNormative expectations If you defecate in the open, even if it is far away from a water source, is it possible for faeces and water to mix? If the latrine fills up or collapses, in your opinion, do you think it’s OK to defecate in the open? How frequently do other people use latrines for defecation? If you defecate in the open, what would others think? Does defecating in the open affect the health/disease of a community Do you think you should use a latrine? Who in your community (adult/children) is using latrines? If latrine fills up or collapses within your community, would others think it’s ok to defecate in the open?

10. 1.Sustainability (behavioural): develop & implement diagnostic tool- to include robust monitoring regime. 2.Going at Scale (diffusion & networks): conduct a detailed formative research to better understand how these two processes operate at the village, sub region and regional level. Develop strategy based on findings. 3.CLTS and Beyond: Enhance inter-sectoral coordination, especially in light of the fact that a number of tasks to be undertaken within the context of “CLTS and beyond” are outside the traditional domain of MoH. 4.ODF verification and certification: Establish a system where verification process is conducted by an independent monitor e.g. staff from neighbouring region/sub region etc. 5.Enhance documentation: Step towards evidence based programming. 5.0 Next Steps……

11. Q & A time

12. THANK YOU!