2. Don’t ask me, I have no idea!

3. Put simply, a budget is a tool that is used to plan for expected revenue and expenditure. A budget is set within a given time frame. There are various types of budgets… Sales Staffing Production Marketing Zero Flexible The Chief Financial Officer is usually in charge of the budget for a business.

4. The purpose of a budget is to assist with: Planning Coordination Control Motivation TASK: Read pgs 379-380 of your text. Use the information to create a mind map detailing the purpose of a budget.

5. When planning a budget, a business should consider: Available finance : how much money is actually there to spend? Historical data: how much money did the business spend the year before? Organizational objectives: what does the business plan to achieve? Benchmarking: what are the business’ competitors doing? Negotiations: what does the rest of the team think is appropriate?

6. Ummmm, when you figure this one out, let Ms Elicia know!!

7. Budgeting has limitations: Changes will occur that a business can’t plan for Budget holders often overestimate their budgets…the bigger the budget, the easier it is to meet targets Leftover funds often can’t be carried to the following financial year…instead, they are taken off next year’s budget. Eek! Budgets are often set by people who aren’t directly involved in day to day running Poor budgeting can lead to ‘cutting corners’ Budgeting is time consuming A heavy focus on budgets can lead to neglect in other areas Budgeting may create competition between colleagues

8. TASK: Complete Question 3.4.1 (a, b) on pg 379 of your text. Complete Question 3.4.2 (a, b) on pg 381 of your text. Complete Question 3.4.3(a, b) on pg 382 of your text.

9. Question 3.4.1 – Michael Cahill a. Income = $150 * 10 = $1,500 Outgoings = $110 * 10 = $1,100 Net income = $400 Based on the projections, Michael will be short of $100 from being able to pay for his overseas holiday. b. Budgeting as a forward-looking plan might be able to help Michael because it allows him to assess whether he is achieving his objectives (i.e. a planned holiday in Prague). He can then take appropriate action in order to resolve any expected financial problems before they arise. Examples of such corrective measures include: Reducing his outgoings – especially those that are non-essential or ‘flexible’ Raising income – perhaps by working overtime at weekends or evenings if possible

10. Question 3.4.2 – Tsingtao Brewery Company a.Budgeting is the cyclical (or on-going) process of planning, setting, controlling, monitoring and reviewing the financial plan of expected revenue and expenditure for an organization (or a department within an organization), for a given period of time. Being China's largest brewery, Tsingtao will need effective budgetary control in order to run its global operations efficiently. Budgeting as a management tool is important to a firm such as Tsingtao for several reasons, which include: b.Budgeting can be used to motivate Tsingtao managers and other budget holders, to encourage responsibility and accountability and to aid financial control. It helps to control business costs in order to prevent liquidity problems. It has a central role in business strategic planning, e.g. setting aside a budget to sponsor major sporting events such as the Beijing Olympic Games. Budgeting requires Tsingtao managers to plan for the future as it tries to enhance its corporate brand awareness.

11. Question 3.4.3 – Ryanair a.Market size can also be measured by: Size of each airline company’s fleet (number of aircraft owned) Sales revenue of the airline as a proportion of the total sales within the airline industry Relative profit figures of each airline company b.Limitations of using budgeting at Ryanair include: Unforeseen changes in the external business environment can cause large variances in budgets, e.g. the financial tsunami of 2008 causing major repercussions for the airline industry or fluctuating exchange rates affecting the final price paid for the Boeing (American) aircraft.