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SPANISH-SPEAKING SOUTH AMERICA
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ANDES MOUNTAINS Part of a chain of mountains that run through North, Central and South America Rocky Mountains, Sierra Madres, and Andes Mountains Cordillera: a system or group of parallel mountain ranges Act as a barrier to movement into the interior More settlement has occurred along the eastern and northern coasts in South America Even so, the Andes were the home to some of the most important civilizations in the hemisphere Inca in Peru
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HIGHLANDS Parts of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil Made up of mountainous or hilly sections of a country Guiana Highlands: northeast section of South America Brazilian Highlands: east coast of Brazil
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PLAINS Llanos: located in Colombia and Venezuela Grassy, treeless areas used for livestock grazing and farming Cerrado: located in interior of Brazil Savannas with flat terrain and moderate rainfall that make them suitable for farming Pampas: located in northern Argentina and Uruguay Min products of pampas are cattle and wheat Gaucho culture developed in this region
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ORINOCO RIVER Winds through northern part of continent, mainly in Venezuela Flows more than 1,500 miles to the Atlantic Part of the border between Colombia and Venezuela
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AMAZON RIVER Flows 4,000 from west to east, to the Atlantic Ocean Fed by over 1,000 tributaries, some of which are large rivers in themselves Carries more water to the ocean than any other river in the world
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PARANÁ RIVER Origins in highlands of southern Brazil Flows 3,000 miles south and west through Paraguay and Argentina, then turns east
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RESOURCES OF SOUTH AMERICA Among the world’s leaders in mining raw materials: Silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc These are mainly exported to other countries to make goods Colombia and Venezuela: oil reserves Brazil: hydroelectric power, oil, natural gas Peru: fishing industry South America produces most of the world’s coffee Brazil alone produces 1/3 of the world’s coffee per year
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CLIMATE OF SOUTH AMERICA Rainforests: dense forests made up of different species of trees that form a unique ecosystem. Climate is hot and rainy year round Largest: Amazon Rainforest, covers 2 million square miles of South America, mostly in Brazil. Tropical Wet and Dry: Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina Semiarid: Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina Desert: Peru, Chile (Atacama), Argentina (Patagonia) Humid Subtropical: Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina Mediterranean: Chile Marine West Coast: Chile and Argentina Highlands: Found in the mountains
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SLASH AND BURN FARMING Farmers cut trees, brush, and grasses and burn the debris to clear the field. Use the ashes as fertilizer. Farmers plant crops for a year or two Fields often remain barren or are reclaimed by brush, grass, trees, and shrubs
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TERRACED FARMING An ancient technique for growing crops on hillsides or mountain slopes Farmers cut step-like horizontal field into hillsides, which allows steep land to be cultivated for crops Used by Inca in Peru, and Aztecs in Mexico
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URBANIZATION: THE MOVE TO CITIES Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile are the most highly urbanized countries in South America Push and pull factors are at work in moving peasants off the land and into cities Rapidly Growing Cities: Sao Paulo, Brazil Rio de Janeiro Buenos Aires, Argentina Lima, Peru Bogotá, Colombia Santiago, Chile
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THE INCA Built a civilization that extended 2,500 miles from Ecuador to Argentina Along western coast of South America in Andes Mountains Francisco Pizarro invaded Incan Empire, killing many warriors and taking the emperor prisoner. Spanish forced natives to work in mines and on farms Quechua language of the Incas was overshadowed by Spanish, and native religion was replaced by Catholicism
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INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, South American countries fought for their independence in the first half of the 19 th century. Two great leaders: Simon Bolivar (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia) and Jose de San Martin (Argentina, Chile, and Peru) Argentina and Chile were the first to declare independence, because they are the farthest from Lima Geography contributed to the failure of countries trying to unite for a common good South America is largely populated around its edges – mountains and rain forests limit interactions Contributed to political instability and underdevelopment
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GOVERNMENTS OF SOUTH AMERICA Oligarchy and military rule have characterized the government of many South American countries Authoritarian rule has delayed democracy in the continent Strong militaries, underdeveloped economies, and social class divisions still exist today
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BRAZIL
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NATIVES AND PORTUGUESE CONQUEST Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the continent of South America Portugal gained control over land that is present-day Brazil Brazil originally home to 1-5 million natives when the first colonists arrived in 1500s. Hoped to find gold and silver; cleared huge areas of forest to create sugar plantations. Forced natives to work on plantations, when they died they were replaced with African slaves Brazil was generally settled along coast because of forest in the interior of country Brazil declared independence from Portugal in 1822, when thousands of Brazilians signed a petition, asking for Dom Pedro to rule Brazil as an independent nation
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A NATIONAL CULTURE Culture of Brazil is a mixture of native, African and Portuguese influences Now only about 200,000 native people live in the depths of the Amazon rain forest Brazil has become home to many immigrants from all over the world Has the largest Japanese population outside of Japan ∙Language: Portuguese ∙Religion: Catholicism – Brazil has largest Catholic religion in the world. 20% Protestant, and some practice religions that mix Catholic and African beliefs ∙Brasilia: Capital of Brazil was moved inland to draw people into the interior of the country
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AN ECONOMIC GIANT Natural resources has helped make Brazil an industrial power: iron, bauxite, tin, manganese, gold, silver, titanium, chromite, tungsten, and quartz Hydroelectric power: thousands of rivers flow through Brazil; power plants located along these rivers produce electricity One of the most industrialized South American countries, with one of the largest steel plants in the region. Also, a leading manufacturer of automobiles Vast gap between the rich and poor Rapid urbanization: 22% lived in cities in 1960, by 1995 75% lived in cities Move to the interior: 80% live within 200 miles of the sea; government encourages people to move to the interior to develop the natural resources and commercial agriculture on cerrado
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BRAZILIAN LIFE TODAY Carnival: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkXXqGAydG0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkXXqGAydG0 Dance to samba music – a Brazilian dance with African influences Capoeira: martial art and dance developed in Brazil https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APlxSpTZVPI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APlxSpTZVPI Brasilia is political capital, Sao Paulo is economic heart and largest city, and Rio de Janeiro is the cultural center
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