1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 1 Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science 1

2. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Claim: If kids eat large amounts of sugar, they become hyperactive. Problem: How would you test the claim that sugar makes children hyperactive? 2

3. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior is external Mental Processes are internal 3

4. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology is not: All about mental disorders and therapy Where do we see this view? Focused solely on diagnosing and treating mental problems 4

5. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology: Comes from psyche (Greek for “mind”) and -ology (meaning “a field of study”) Literally means “the study of the mind” Most Importantly is Based on objective, verifiable, scientific evidence 5

6. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 What Do Psychologists Do? Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped in three major categories: experimental psychology teaching of psychology applied psychology 6

7. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Psychology: It’s More Than You Think 7

8. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 I/OSports School Counseling Engineering Rehabilitation Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems Clinical What Do Psychologists Do? Applied psychologists 8

9. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Psychology Is Not Psychiatry (Television gets this wrong by showing Psychiatrists conducting Therapy) Psychiatry: Medical specialty Holds an MD (Doctor of Medicine) Training in treatment of mental and behavioral problems Licensed to prescribe medicines Psychology: Broad field of study Holds a Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) Training emphasizes research methods Advanced study in specialization 9

10. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Pseudoscience: Any approach to explaining phenomena in the natural world that does not use empirical observation or the scientific method (e.g., astrology, graphology, fortune telling) Psychology vs. Pseudoscience Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudoscience. 10

11. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Psychologists, like researchers in all other sciences, use the scientific method to test their ideas empirically. 11

12. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Empirical investigation: An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Scientific method: A five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments 12

13. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 13

14. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Hypothesis: A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study-after conducting a Literature review-create an educated guess Operational definitions: Exact establishing experimental conditions and measurement procedures used in of results The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 14

15. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the experimenter Randomization: Using chance alone to determine presentation order of stimulus The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 15

16. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Data: Information gathered by a researcher and used to test a hypothesis Dependent variable: The measured outcome of a study; the responses of participants in a study The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 16

17. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Based on statistical analyses of results, the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 17

18. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 18

19. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Types of Psychological Research Experiments: Causal relationships Does Ritalin help Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)? Independent Variable is Ritalin Dependent Variable is ADHD Experimental condition-get the independent variable Control condition-don’t get treatment or get a placebo placebo-sugar pill 19

20. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Assignment to experimental and control conditions: 20

21. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Types of Psychological Research Experiments: Causal relationships Experimental condition Control condition Correlational studies: not causal just relationships Correlation coefficient-next slide Survey- give numerous questionnaires either by phone, mail, or in person Naturalistic observations- observe animals and people in a natural state. Observation should not be obtrusive-or cannot know that the someone is watching. 21

22. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Types of Correlations: 22

23. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Types of Psychological Research Experiments: Experimental condition Control condition Correlational studies: Correlation coefficient Survey Naturalistic observations Case studies-intensive study of one individual case. 23

24. List Problems with each type of Research 1.What could be the problem with correlational studies 2.Where could questionnaires go wrong? 3.What could be the problem with a case study? 4.Have you ever been observed? What is the problem? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

25. Sources of Bias Emotional bias Expectancy bias Bias could affect the way an experimenter designs a study, collects data, or interprets results 25

26. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Controlling Bias Blind control Placebo Double-blind control both participants and researchers unaware of group assignment 26

27. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Ethical Issues in Psychological Research American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct Shields participants from potentially harmful procedures Ensures confidentiality Institutional Review Board (IRB) Examines all studies proposed 27

28. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Questions Science Cannot Answer The scientific method is not appropriate for answering questions that cannot be put to an objective, empirical test Ethics Morality Religious beliefs Preferences 28

29. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Biological Whole-Person Developmental Cognitive Behavioral Sociocultural Six Modern Perspectives of Psychology 29

30. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 View of Human Nature: We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and environmental influences. What Determines Behavior: Neural structures, biochemistry, and innate responses to external cues Focus of Study: Nervous and endocrine systems, evolutionary advantages of behaviors Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural 30

31. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 View of Human Nature: We are information-processing systems. What Determines Behavior: Interpretation of experience by means of mental processing Focus of Study: Mental processes including sensation, perception, learning, memory, and language Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural 31

32. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 View of Human Nature: We respond to surroundings according to principles of behavioral learning. What Determines Behavior: Stimulus cues, history of rewards and punishments Focus of Study: “Laws” connecting our responses to stimulus conditions in the environment Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural 32

33. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 View of Human Nature: We are driven by unconscious motives. What Determines Behavior: Psychodynamic view stresses unconscious conflicts Humanistic view focuses on self- concept and need for personal growth Trait view focuses on persistent characteristics and dispositions Focus of Study: Counseling and psychotherapy Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural 33

34. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 View of Human Nature: People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives. What Determines Behavior: Interaction between heredity and environment Focus of Study: Patterns of developmental change and their underlying influences Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural 34

35. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 View of Human Nature: We are social animals; human behavior must be interpreted in a social context. What Determines Behavior: Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning Focus of Study: Social interaction, socialization, cross-cultural differences Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural 35

36. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots? Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. 36

37. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 37

38. Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Wundt- 1875 Titchenor-USA Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Gestalt psychology Behaviorism 38

39. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function James Darwin The core of this view is adaptation Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Gestalt psychology Behaviorism 39

40. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” The New School founded by gestalt Psychologists Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Gestalt psychology Behaviorism 40

41. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Gestalt psychology Behaviorism 41

42. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Freud Past experiences important Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Gestalt psychology Behaviorism 42

43. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Professional Organizations in Psychology American Psychological Association (APA) Association for Psychological Science (APS) Student groups (e.g., American Psychological Association of Graduate Students; APAGS) 43