1. Digestion: Chewing & Dissolving 11 - 23

2. Differences between primary and permanent teeth (11) Primary and permanent dentitions have formed by age 21 Primary – 20 deciduous teeth that erupt at intervals between 6 and 24 months Permanent – enlarge and develop causing the root of deciduous teeth to be reabsorbed and fall out between the ages of 6 and 12 years

3. All but the third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence There are usually 32 permanent teeth

5. Functional & structural differences between the three different types of adult teeth (12) Incisors – chisel-shaped teeth adapted for cutting or nipping Canines – conical or fanglike teeth that tear or pierce Premolars (bicuspids) and molars – have broad crowns with rounded tips and are best suited for grinding or crushing

7. Parts & function of the adult tooth (13) Two main regions – crown and the root Crown: exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva (gum)

8. (crown, enamel, root, neck, cementum, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal) The portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone

9. crown, enamel, root, neck, cementum, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal Constriction where crown & root come together

10. crown, enamel, root, neck, cementum, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal Calcified connective tissue – it covers the root and attaches it to the peridontal ligament

11. crown, enamel, root, neck, cementum, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal Bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth

12. crown, enamel, root, neck, cementum, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal Cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulp Connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

13. crown, enamel, root, neck, cementum, dentin, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal Portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root

15. Dental caries and what causes them. (14) Gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action

16. Causes Dental plaque, a film of sugar, bacteria, and mouth debris, adheres to teeth Acid produced by the bacteria in the plaque dissolves calcium salts Without these salts, organic matter is digested by proteolytic enzymes Daily flossing and brushing help prevent caries by removing forming plaque

18. Gingivitis (15) As plaque accumulates, it calcifies and forms calculus, or tartar Disrupts the seal between the gingivae and the teeth Puts the gums at risk for infection

19. Periodontitis (16) Serious gum disease resulting from an immune response Immune system attacks intruders as well as body tissues, carving pockets around the teeth and dissolving bone

20. Digestion in the stomach: type & product (17) Chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted to chyme Delivers chyme to the small intestine Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin

21. Function of goblet cells (18) Epithelial lining is composed of Goblet cells that produce a coat of alkaline mucus The mucous surface layer traps a bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it

22. Gastric Pits (18) Contain gastric glands that secrete gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin

23. Cells & their function in the stomach fundus and body (19) Gastric glands of the fundus and body have a variety of secretory cells Mucus neck cells secrete acid mucus Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12) Chief cells produce pepsinogen

24. What is pepsinogen? Activated to pepsin by HCl in the stomach Pepsin (an enzyme) provides a positive feedback mechanism and functions to degrade food proteins to peptides (short polymers formed from the linking of amino acids)

25. Chief cells of the stomach secrete the digestive enzymes (pepsins) of the stomach

26. The stomach does not digest itself! (20) The stomach produces a mucus lining secreted specialized cells which protects the stomach walls These cells are continuously replaced to maintain the protective coating Excessive secretions due to stress or smoking can form ulcers

27. Stomach ulcer

28. Major functions of the stomach (21) Holds ingested food Degrades this food both physically and chemically Delivers chyme to the small intestine Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin

29. Structural modification to increase surface area in the small intestine (22) Plicae circulares - deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa of jejunum Villi - fingerlike extensions of the mucosa Microvilli - tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes

31. Plicae circulares - jejunum

32. Intestinal villi – small intestine throughout

33. Microvilli – brush borders of plasma membranes of intestinal cells

34. Small Intestine: Histology of the Wall The mucosal epithelium is made up of: Absorptive cells, goblet and other cells Cells of intestinal crypts secrete intestinal juice Peyer’s patches are found in the submucosa of ileum Brunner’s glands in the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus

35. Intestinal crypts – secretory glands in epithelial lining of small intestine

36. Peyer’s patches – immune surveillance of ileum

37. Brunner’s glands of duodenum Produce an alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to: protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme (which is introduced into the duodenum from the stomach);chyme provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to be active, thus enabling absorption to take place; lubricate the intestinal walls.

38. Brunner’s glands - duodenum

39. Digestive juice – composition & function (23) Secreted by intestinal glands in response to distension or irritation of the mucosa Slightly alkaline and isotonic with blood plasma Largely water, enzyme-poor, but contains mucus