1. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.1 U-tube manometer.

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.2 Well-type manometer.

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.3 Inclined manometer.

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.4 Mercury barometer.

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.5 Bourdon gage.

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.6 Dead-weight tester.

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.7 Strain-gage pressure transducer.

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.8 LVDT pressure transducer.

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.9 Capacitive pressure transducer.

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.10 Piezoelectric pressure transducer.

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.11 McLeod vacuum gage. (Based on Van Atta, 1965.)

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.12 Pirani thermal-conductivity vacuum gage: (a) sensing chamber; (b) bridge circuit.

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.13 Ionization vacuum-gage circuit. (Based on Van Atta, 1965.)

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.14 Thermocouple.

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.15 Thermocouple with reference junction.

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.16 Output of some common thermocouples.

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Table 9.2 (continued) Millivolt Output of Common Thermocouples (Reference Junction at 0°C)

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Table 9.2 (continued) Millivolt Output of Common Thermocouples (Reference Junction at 0°C)

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.17 Common sheathed thermocouple probe.

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.18 Four series thermocouples forming a thermopile.

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.19 Thermocouple connections with data-acquisition systems.

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure E9.6a,b

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.20 Resistance temperature detectors: (a) platinum wire; (b) thin film.

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.21 Wheatstone bridge circuits for RTD: (a) two-wire; (b) three-wire.

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.22 Four-wire RTD circuits.

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.23 Thermistor circuit.

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.24 Linearization circuit for thermistor.

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.25 Liquid-in-glass thermometer.

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.26 Bimetallic strip devices. [(b) and (c) Based on Doebelin, 1990.]

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.27 Pressure thermometer.

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.28 Blackbody monochromatic emissive power.

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.29 (a) Disappearing-filament optical pyrometer; (b) appearance to observer.

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.30 Schematic of a radiation thermometer.

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.31 Field of view for radiation thermometer.

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.32 Surface-temperature measurement.

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.33 Long circular fin.

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.34 Conduction error source in gas temperature measurement.

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure E9.8

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.35 Radiation error source.

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.36 Reducing radiation error using a radiation shield.

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.37 Sling psychrometer.

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.38 Psychrometric chart.

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.39 Refraction and reflection of light rays at a dielectric interface defined by refractive indices n 1 and n 2 (n 1 > n 2 )

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.40 Typical optical fiber.

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.41 Ray transmission through an optical fiber.

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.42 Two types of fiber-optic sensors: (a) extrinsic; (b) intrinsic.

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.43 Reflective fiber-optic response curve for displacement measurement. (After Krohn, 2000.)

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.44 Fiber-optic displacement transducer with lens: (a) configuration; (b) response curve. (After Krohn, 1992.)

52. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.45 (a) Microbending fiber-optic sensor; (b) output. (Based on Krohn, 2000.)

53. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.46 (a) Reflective fiber-optic temperature transducer using a bimetallic sensor; (b) typical output curve for such a device. (Based on Krohn, 2000.)

54. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.47 Sensor tip of a fluorescent sensor. (From Krohn, 2000.)

55. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.48 Transmissive fiber optic pressure sensor. (Based on Krohn, 2000.)

56. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 9.49 Reflective fiber optic pressure sensor using a diaphragm. (Based on Krohn, 2000.)

57. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure P9.20

58. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure P9.21