3. During the 16 th Century, 1500s, Spain created a great empire by conquering and colonizing lands in the Caribbean and large portions of North and South America. During the 16 th Century, 1500s, Spain created a great empire by conquering and colonizing lands in the Caribbean and large portions of North and South America.

4. What issues divided the nations of Europe during the 1500s? RELIGION Protestant Reformation: Began in Germany in, 1517, when a monk named Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Catholic Church Began in Germany in, 1517, when a monk named Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Catholic Church

5. Martin Luther and his followers became known as Protestants because they protested against the power of the pope and the Church, which they viewed as corrupt and materialistic. Martin Luther and his followers became known as Protestants because they protested against the power of the pope and the Church, which they viewed as corrupt and materialistic.

6. Main Idea: The Protestant Reformation resulted in rivalry among many new religious denominations.

8. Under Spanish rule, Indians were enslaved and forced to labor on encomiendas, large Spanish-owned plantations. They suffered harsh treatment and were beaten and worked to death. Under Spanish rule, Indians were enslaved and forced to labor on encomiendas, large Spanish-owned plantations. They suffered harsh treatment and were beaten and worked to death.

9. Missionary: A person who works to convert others to his or her religion. Missionary: A person who works to convert others to his or her religion. Mission: a place established by friars to convert Indians to Christianity. Mission: a place established by friars to convert Indians to Christianity. Bartolome de Las Casas: he worked to win laws to protect the Indians. Bartolome de Las Casas: he worked to win laws to protect the Indians.

10. Problem: Spanish King worried that conquistadors killed too many Indians, who might be tax-payers. Problem: Spanish King worried that conquistadors killed too many Indians, who might be tax-payers. Solution: missionaries were run by Catholic friars to convert Indians to Christianity. Solution: missionaries were run by Catholic friars to convert Indians to Christianity. Forced Indians to convert to Christianity. Forced Indians to convert to Christianity. Friars set up presidios, or forts, near the missions to keep the Indians in line. Friars set up presidios, or forts, near the missions to keep the Indians in line.

11. Viceroy – a ruler of a region in New Spain Viceroyalty of New Spain: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. Viceroyalty of Peru: included all of South America except Brazil which was owned by Portugal.

13. Mestizo – a person of Spanish and Native American ancestry. Mestizo – a person of Spanish and Native American ancestry. Castas – a complex system of racial hierarchy Castas – a complex system of racial hierarchy – The bottom: pure Africans and Indians – The top: Spaniards – enjoyed superior status

14. Spain colonizes Florida Spain colonizes Florida St. Augustine, became the first enduring, lasting, colonial town that would later become part of the United States. St. Augustine, became the first enduring, lasting, colonial town that would later become part of the United States.