2. o Strong Winds o little precipitation o short summer days o very long and cold winters o poor soil o permafrost  Biotic Factors (living) o Plants like Heaths and mosses have to adapt to the very long and cold winters because the sun does not come up in the winter o Wildlife like arctic tundra animals include snowy owls, reindeer, polar bears, white foxes, lemmings, arctic hares, wolverines, caribou, migrating birds, mosquitoes, and black flies.  Abiotic Factors (nonliving)

3. Autotrophs/Producers: make their own food. (Photosynthesis ) Herbivores: plant eaters; they eat the producers so they are consider the primary consumers. Carnivores/ Omnivores: organisms that obtain nutrients from the blood or flesh of an animal. They are consider the secondary consumers because they eat nutrients from the primary consumers. Some of these organisms are both plant and animal eaters (omnivores). Carnivores: organisms that obtain nutrients from the blood or flesh of an animal.

4. The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about ten percent because when an organism consumes food it uses some of the energy in the food for its metabolism. Some is used for building body tissues, and some is given off as heat. When the organism is eaten, the energy that was used to build up body tissue is available as energy to the be used by the organism that consumed it.

5. Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants. Process of Photosynthesis. Carbon moves from plants to animals. Through food chains, the carbon that is in plants moves to the animals that eat them. Animals that eat other animals get the carbon from their food too. Carbon moves from plants and animals to the ground. When plants and animals die, their bodies decay bringing the carbon into the ground. Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere. Each time you exhale, you are releasing carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned. When humans burn fossil fuels to power factories, power plants, cars and trucks, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the oceans. The oceans, and other bodies of water, soak up some carbon from the atmosphere.

6. Unlike other organism capacities, the human population growth is different because humans can change their environment. We have been able to develop methods for producing food, developing technology, and have been able to reduce the amounts of death from different typed of diseases. So, our capacity can keep growing because we can increase the factors needed in the environment to survive. When the population of other organisms overshoots the carrying capacity, then their carrying capacity may come into affect and deaths begin to exceed births.