1. 2-PAD Hardware: From Antenna to Beamformer  Adam Baird  Hamid Dabiri Khah  Kris Zarb-Adami  Mark Jones  Mike Jones  Paul Grimes  Peter Hastings  Rik Elliot  Richard Armstrong  Sascha Schediwy  Aziz Ahmedsaid  Chris Shenton  Georgina Harris  Richard Morrow  Richard Whitaker  Tim Ikin  Tony Brown University of OxfordUniversity of Manchester

2. High Gain Antenna  Cost = £ 350 (mostly metal)  For 2 polarisations  3-dB Beamwidth ≈ ±18 o  Gain ≈ 12.5 dBi

3. Differential Low Noise Amp  Power = 100 mW  Cost = £ 2 per polarisation  Noise Figure ≈ 0.8 ± 0.1 dB (60K)  S21 ≈ 18 ± 2 dB  S11 ≈ -15 ± 2 dB

4. Analogue Cable Driver  Power = 1W per polarisation  Cost = £ 10 per polarisation  Gain = 54 dB  Gain flatness ≈ 0.5 dB

5. Cable and Balun Board  Cable Cost = £ 10 per polarisation  Quad channel fan-out  Passive components only

6. Signal Conditioning Module  Cost = £ 500 per polarisation  Power ≈ 1W per polarisation  High and Low, anti-aliasing channels  ADC differential driver  Logic controlled from FPGA

7. Data Acquisition Board  Cost = £1000 per polarisation  Power = 1.5 W per polarisation  ADC ≈ 0.5 W per polarisation  FPGA ≈ 1.0 W for channelisation

8. Processing Technology  Berkeley Hardware Benchmarking system  2 x Dual-channel ADCs  1 x Virtex-2 FPGA $775 per polarisation 2.5 W per polarisation  Fine-grained Power Management

9. Summary  Total Cost per polarisation ≈ £ 1700  Total Power per polarisation ≈ 5 W  Total Cost for 2-PAD ≈ £ 220,000 (280,000 €)  Total Power for 2-PAD ≈ 640 W  Total Cost per polarisation ≈ £ 1200  Total Power per polarisation ≈ 5 W  Total Cost for 2-PAD ≈ £ 155,000 (200,000 €)  Total Power for 2-PAD ≈ 640 W  Analogue Power should be a serious concern for the future as this does NOT scale with technology SKADS-UK CASPER

10. e-ASIC technology  Power per polarisation is decreased by 1W over the latest FPGA  New techniques which do not require the large NRE associated with new semiconductor processes  Short turn-around time and design based on standard FPGA platforms  No volume requirements

11. Extra slides