1. Essential Strategies, Inc. Global Justice Entity Relationship Model: A Conceptual Entity Relationship Model Presented to: The Data Architecture Subcommittee April 12, 2007 13 Hilshire Grove Lane, Houston, TX 77055  (713) 464-8316  dch@essentialstrategies.com  www.essentialstrategies.com

2. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.2 About the Global Justice Data Model... Lack of standards in sharing information are expensive. The Department of Justice attempted to address this by dealing with the transfer of data. XML has been adopted as the language for describing such transfers. This has been selected as a starting point for the Data Architecture Sub-committee’s work.

3. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.3 Introducing The Data Resource Model... Data Sharing Data DescriptionData Context Query Points and Exchange Packages (XML) Data Elements (E/R Model) Taxonomies (Categories) (Reference Data) How do I exchange the data? What does the data mean? How do I find the data? The Global Justice XML Data Model describes this...

4. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.4 About the Global Justice XML Data Model... Designed as a standard for exchanging data. XML is the standard language for data exchange. The standard is about transactions. Not suitable for describing the underlying structure of the data. Addressing Data Description and Data Context will make defining Data Sharing transactions simpler.

5. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.5 Characteristics of XML... Fundamentally hierarchical. Can describe all people involved in a case, or Can describe all cases a person is involved in, But not both at the same time. Difficult for non-technical people to understand. Yes, tags are ascii text. But relationships (other than simple hierarchies) are not clear. XML describes physical transaction, not underlying semantics of data.

6. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.6 A code list that enumerates severity levels of an accident. Sample XML...

7. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.7 A code list that enumerates severity levels of an accident. Sample XML (XML Schema defines model)... Who noticed that “Severity” is misspelled?

8. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.8 Another kind of The Global Justice Model... Data Sharing Data Context Query Points and Exchange Packages (XML) Taxonomies (Categories) (Reference Data) Data Description Data Elements (E/R Model) Today we’re going to look at this... E/R Model

9. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.9 About the Global Justice Entity/relationship Data Model... Describes the things of significance to an organization. Definitions, Attributes, Relationships Two dimensional Can show network of relationships. E.g: Person— —CASE—<CASE_Characteristic Accessible Graphically represents the organization’s semantics. Specifically, it represents a set of assertions about the organization.

10. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.10 Note... An ERD is accessible only if done right. A completely incomprehensible entity / relationship model is also possible, of course.

11. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.11 Kinds of data model Conceptual – describes the semantics of the organization, without regard to the technology used to manage its data. Entity classes and attributes, relationships. Logical – describes data organized according to a particular data management approach – relational, object-oriented, XML. Object classes, tables and columns, foreign keys, XML tags. Physical – describes how data are physically stored in (e.g. distributed) databases. Tablespaces, partitions, servers, databases, etc.

12. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.12 Today’s presentation... A conceptual entity/relationship diagram. Based on: The GJXDM User Guide: Module 3, Part 2, “Global Justice XML Data Dictionary Core Components”, Building Exchange Content Using the Global Justice XML Data Model: A User Guide for Practitioners and Developers. June, 2005. My book: David C. Hay, Data Model Patterns: Conventions of Thought. (New York, Dorset House). 1995. The model is a set of natural language assertions about the nature of law enforcement activities. I did not have the opportunity to interview anyone who knows anything about the Justice Department.

13. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.13 How to Read the assertions... Each BOOK must be primarily about one and only one TOPIC. Each TOPIC may be addressed in one or more BOOKS. NOTE: These are assertions. Are they true? !! ?? one and only one primarily Each BOOK must be about one or more TOPICS.

14. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.14 Quote for the day... “In modeling, It is more important to be clear than to be correct! - If you are clearly wrong, someone will tell you, - but if you are obscurely right, you may never know!” - Ken Orr The Ken Orr Institute

15. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.15 The model... Cases – the investigations, trials, and follow-ups. People and organizations – the officers, suspects, judges, lawyers, and so forth.

16. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.16  Cases – the investigations, trials, and follow-ups. People and organizations – the officers, suspects, judges, lawyers, and so forth. The model... 

17. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.17 Cases and Activities... stake-out (3/24/05) discovery (5/2/05) arraignment (9/14/05) laboratory test (7/19/05) i nvestigation #2543 trial #9750 appeal #9750-3

18. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.18 Activity Types and Case Types... stake-out discovery arraignment laboratory test investigation trial appeal stake-out (3/24/05) discovery (5/2/05) arraignment (9/14/05) laboratory test (7/19/05) investigation #2543 trial #9750 appeal #9750-3

19. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.19 Stati and Evidence... fingerprint photograph Pending Active Complete Pending Active Complete

20. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.20 Events and Results... Charge - Felony - Infraction - Misdemeanor - Offense - Violation Supervision - Corrections - Detention Alert Assessment Arrest Bail posted Bond set Booking Citation Call about a burglary John Smith arrested John Smith charged with felony

21. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.21 Cases – the investigations, trials, and follow-ups.  People and organizations – the officers, suspects, judges, lawyers, and so forth. The model... 

22. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.22 People and Organizations... The Procurement Office The F.B.I. Lockheed Martin Accounting Department The Federal Government of the U.S. The Republican Party

23. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.23 Parties... “Person” “Organization” “Company Department” “Company” etc.

24. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.24 Party Relationships... Marriage Organizational Structure Labor Union Membership David Hay is married to Jolanta Hay

25. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.25 Some metadata... Organizational structure: from Organization to Organization

26. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.26 Scars marks and tattoos Marked part of the body Tattoo Scar Nonspecific mark Breast Arm etc. Categories and Characteristics... Driver’s License number Incorporation Date Cabinet Department indicator Arm, nonspecific, artificial Breast, nonspecific, artificial Breast implant, left and right Scars marks and tattoos

27. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.27 Some more metadata... Driver’s License number:Person Incorporatio Date:Company Cabinet Department indicator:Government Agency

28. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.28 Positions... Police officer Judge Attorney Houston Police officer District Judge District Attorney

29. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.29 Roles... Accused Atty for defense Lab analyst etc.

30. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.30 This model was specific to Criminal Justice... To make it specific to your agency (welfare, forest service, etc), change the model: Make the name of the CASE entity class PROJECT Remove EVIDENCE and EVIDENCE TYPE entity classes. That’s all...

31. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.31 This model was specific to Criminal Justice... To make it specific to your agency (welfare, forest service, etc), change the following data: Activity type Case type Activity status type Case status type Event type Result type Party Relationship Type Party Characteristic Party Category Scheme / Party Category Position Type Activity Role Type Case (Project) Role That’s all...NOTE: No structural changes are required.

32. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.32 Ok, you can certainly elaborate on this... Add attributes to PARTY. Thereby making it specific to your agency only. Thereby making it harder to track their values over time. Thereby making it harder to capture other metadata about them. Add more concrete entity classes. Thereby making it specific to your agency only. Thereby increasing the maintenance requirements for your DBAs This is a trade-off with economic consequences.

33. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.33 By the way, this model is wrong... You discovered that today. Before we can adopt it... We must pass it by as many agencies as possible. They will certainly find legitimate changes and enhancements that should be included.

34. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.34 NIEM documentation and standards include a data dictionary, data model, and IEPDs. The data dictionary is a well ‑ defined vocabulary of data names and structures. The data model is the body of concepts and rules that underlie the structure of the data dictionary, including data components arranged by domain, the type of data being represented (date, integer, Boolean, string, etc.), and a semantically precise, context ‑ rich definition of each component. Together the data dictionary and model become a database, from which XML schemas are generated. These schemas contain the data components that are reused to construct the IEPDs. Introduction to the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM), June 30, 2006 p. 14. But what about NIEM... ?

35. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.35 Now, let’s flesh out The Data Resource Model... Data Sharing Data DescriptionData Context Data Elements (E/R Model) What does the data mean? Query Points and Exchange Packages (XML) Taxonomies (Categories) (Reference Data)

36. Copyright (c) 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.36 Questions ?