1. Tissues of the Body
Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs
Cells combine to form four primary tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

2. Tissue Types in the Human
Epithelial
primarily used for protection
Connective
primarily used for support
Nerve
primarily used for control
Muscle
primarily used for movement

3. Epithelial Tissue
Consists almost entirely of cells, little extracellular material
One side always exposed to:
body exterior
organ cavity
Shapes of Epithelial Tissue
Squamous (meaning “scale”) - flat cells
Cuboidal
Columnar
Simple
Stratified
Transitional

4. Functions of Epithelia
Provide Physical Protection- protect surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, chemical and biological agents.
Control Permeability- regulates molecules that enter or leave through the surface.

5. Classes of Epithelia Simple: just one layer or cell shape
Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes

6. Simple Epithelia

8. Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal bronchioles, etc.

9. Glands, bronchioles, stomach, intestines, bile ducts, etc.

10. Bladder lining, ureters, and superior urethra

11. Connective Tissue
Matrix
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

12. Proteoglycans

13. Fibers
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

14. Collagen Fibers

15. Types of Connective Tissue
Fibroconnective Tissue
Cartilage
Bone

16. Areolar Tissue
Fibrocyte Nucleus
Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fiber

17. (arrow: adipocyte nucleus)
Adipose Tissue
200 X
(bv = blood vessel)
(arrow: adipocyte nucleus) bv

18. Reticular Tissue

19. Dense Regular Tissue (Tendons & Ligaments)
Horse Tendon x100
arrow: orientation of collagen fibers

20. Dense Irregular Tissue (Dermis of Skin & Muscle Fascia)

21. perichondrium on the left
Hyalin Cartilage X 250
arrows: Perichondrial borders
Hyaline Cartilage
perichondrium on the left
chondrocytes form in the perichondrium and move out into the tissue

22. Fibrocartilage

23. (note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)
Elastic Cartilage
(note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)

24. (concentric rings of hard bone)
Bone Histology
Epiphyseal
Plates
Haversian System (osteon)
Compact (Cortical) Bone
Haversian Canal
(contain blood vessels)
Lamellae
(concentric rings of hard bone)
Marrow
Endosteum
Osteocytes in
Lacunae
Periosteum
Volkmans
Canal
Canaliculi
(connecting tunnels)
Trabecular (Cancellous) Bone

25. Cross Section of Cortical Bone Osteons

26. Anatomy of Nerve

27. Nerve Tissue X 200
Large arrow: Soma (cell body)
Small arrow: axon body
Box: Axon Hillock

28. Nerves (Summary)
Anatomy: Dendrites, Soma, Axon Hillock, Axon, Terminal Bouton, Synaptic cleft
Definitions: Membrane Potential, Afferent, Efferent, Neurotransmitter, Depolarization, EPSP, IPSP, Inhibition, etc.
If EPSP + IPSP = Threshold….AP is generated along axon (All or none)
Neurons may be excitatory (Na +) or inhibitory (Ca++ or Cl -)

30. Muscle Fiber Types Type I Type IIa Type IIb
slow oxidative fast oxidative glycolytic fast glycolytic
many large mitochondria many mitochondria few mitochondria
high aerobic capacity medium aerobic capacity low aerobic capacity
fatigue resistant fatigable most fatigable
low strength high strength high strength
low contractile speed high contractile speed high contractile speed
low myosin ATP- high myosin ATP-ase activity high myosin ATP-ase activity ase activity