1. LAB. EXERCISE NO. 4 DR. ANSARI CONNECTIVE TISSUE PRELAB.4. BY PROF. DR.ANSARI 1 Sunday, November 22, 2015

2. 1. FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS 2. CLASSIFICATION 3. EXAMPLES 4. APPLIED ANATOMY Sunday, November 22, 2015 2 OBJECTIVES

3. FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1. THERE ARE 2. 1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS 3. 2. FIBERS 4. 3. GROUND SUBSTANCE/ 5. AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCE 6. 4. LOT OF BLOOD VESSELS 7. 5. SPACES BETWEEN THE CELLS 3 Sunday, November 22, 2015

4. 4 The connective tissue connects all other basic tissues with each other. It forms the skeletal system of the body. It gives cover to all organs of the body, it forms capsules/ligaments/tendons/ fascia & aponeurosis. The embryological connective tissue is called as mesenchyme. The connective tissue connects all other basic tissues with each other. It forms the skeletal system of the body. It gives cover to all organs of the body, it forms capsules/ligaments/tendons/ fascia & aponeurosis. The embryological connective tissue is called as mesenchyme.

5. TYPES OF CELLS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES Sunday, November 22, 2015 5 FIXED CELLS 1. Fibroblasts 2. Adipocytes 3. Pericytes MOBILE CELLS 1. Macrophages 2. Plasma cells 3.Neutrophils/basophils/eosinophils/lymphocytes

6. Macrophage engulfing the bacteria Sunday, November 22, 2015 6

7. ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES Sunday, November 22, 2015 7 They are present in Lung tissue, where they engulf the dust particles

8. Plasma cell has “clock” face appearance Sunday, November 22, 2015 8

9. THEY PRODUCE COLLAGEN FIBERS/ ELASTIC FIBERS/ RETICULAR FIBERS AND GROUND SUBSTANCE. Sunday, November 22, 2015 9 The fibroblast cells are in majority

10. Sunday, November 22, 2015 10 The fibroblast cells produce collagen fibers, the active cells; the inactive cell is called as fibrocyte. The fibroblast can change into any other cell like chondrocyte/osteocyte/adipocyte The fibroblast cells produce collagen fibers, the active cells; the inactive cell is called as fibrocyte. The fibroblast can change into any other cell like chondrocyte/osteocyte/adipocyte

11. The fat cells are the lipocytes/adipocytes Sunday, November 22, 2015 11 Normal body fat (White fat) Very large spherical cells which may become polyhedral due to deformation Contain single fat droplet with cytoplasm reduced to thin rim net to plasma membrane Nucleus displayed to one side of cell and flattened by accumulated fat Routine histological techniques extract the fat, leaving a large unstained space Adipose tissue may be portioned by connective tissue septa visible to the naked eye

12. Task:- Identify the types of cells Sunday, November 22, 2015 12

13. Task:- Identify the type of connective tissue cells? Sunday, November 22, 2015 13

14. Brown fat Sunday, November 22, 2015 14 Prominent in newborn of all mammals In adults most conspicuous in species which hibernate Present in man throughout life Cells are smaller than those of white adipose tissue Cytoplasm relative abundant and contains lipid droplets of varying size Cytoplasm contains extraordinary large number of mitochondria Brown fat has a lobular organization

15. Brown fat cells are multiloculated, multiple droplets of fat are features of brown fat cells Sunday, November 22, 2015 15

16. Fibrous elements of connective tissues Sunday, November 22, 2015 16 Collagen fibers are produced by fibroblast cells, They occur outside the cells and in wavy bundles Collagen fibers are produced by fibroblast cells, They occur outside the cells and in wavy bundles They constitute the tendons, ligaments & aponeurosis They constitute the tendons, ligaments & aponeurosis

17. Elastic fibers Sunday, November 22, 2015 17 These fibers are also produced by fibroblast cells. They also occur in laminae As seen in the cut section of an elastic artery. Elastic fibers are also extracellular produced by fibroblast cells. These fibers are also produced by fibroblast cells. They also occur in laminae As seen in the cut section of an elastic artery. Elastic fibers are also extracellular produced by fibroblast cells.

18. Reticular fibers Sunday, November 22, 2015 18 These fibers are also Produced by fibroblast cells. These fibers constitutes The frame work of a gland These fibers are also Produced by fibroblast cells. These fibers constitutes The frame work of a gland

19. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONTAIN GROUND SUBSTANCE Sunday, November 22, 2015 19 An extracellular matrix is a network of non-living tissue which provides support to cells. ECM has proteins, minerals, and certain carbohydrates.mineralscarbohydrates Ground substance is amorphous, gel-like, and is primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.glycosaminoglycanshyaluronanproteoglycansglycoproteins Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. polysaccharidesdisaccharide

20. 1.CHONDROITIN SULFATE FOUND IN CARTILAGE AND TENDONS 2. DERMATAN SULFATE 3.KERATAN SULFATE 4.HEPARIN IS USED AS ANTICOAGULANT. 5.HEPARAN SULFATE 6.HYALURONIC ACID IS FOUND IN SYNOVIAL FLUID Sunday, November 22, 2015 20 Examples of GAGs include:

21. GAGS + PROTEIN = PROTEOGLYCANS PROTEOGLYCANS ARE THE "FILLER" SUBSTANCE EXISTING BETWEEN CELLS. CELLS THEY ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN BINDING CATIONS (SUCH AS SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM) AND WATER.CATIONSSODIUM POTASSIUMCALCIUM WATER Sunday, November 22, 2015 21 Proteoglycans

22. THESE HELP BIND TOGETHER THE FIBERS, CELLS, AND GROUND SUBSTANCE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE EXAMPLES OF GLYCOPROTEINS ARE MUCINS,ANTIGENS,ANTIBODIES,ZON A PELLUCIDA,WHITE OF AN EGG& BLOOD PLASMA Sunday, November 22, 2015 22 GLYCOPROTEINS

23. Sunday, November 22, 2015 23 HormonesHormones that are glycoproteins include:- 1.Follicle-stimulating hormone 2.Luteinizing hormone 3.Thyroid-stimulating hormone 4.Human chorionic gonadotropin 5.Alpha-fetoprotein 6.Erythropoietin (EPO )

24. CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES Sunday, November 22, 2015 24 Connective tissue can be classified into three categories: proper, embryonic, and specialized. Connective tissue proper includes the following five types: loose connective, dense connective, elastic, reticular, and adipose.

25. Embryonic connective tissues Sunday, November 22, 2015 25 The two types of embryonic connective tissues are mesenchymal and mucous. They are of minimal importance in the adult. Mesenchymal connective tissue Mucous connective tissue

26. MESENCHYME CONNECTIVE TISSUE Sunday, November 22, 2015 26

27. Wharton's jelly Sunday, November 22, 2015 27 Is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord,umbilical cord largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). mucopolysaccharideshyaluronic acid chondroitin sulfate It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. fibroblasts macrophages

28. Specialized connective tissues Sunday, November 22, 2015 28 The category "specialized connective tissue" consists of bone, cartilage, and blood.

29. SOME DISORDERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Sunday, November 22, 2015 29 MARFAN’S SYNDROME:- LONG LIMBS & CONGENITAL CATARACT SCURVY:- VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY, BLEEDING GUMS, WOUND HEALING DELAYED. OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA:- BONES AND SKELETON WEAK, NOT PERFECTLY FORMED