2. Exercise Physiology:  physiology: the sum of all biologic processes  what happens to these processes when exercise

3. Metabolism: sum total of all processes occurring in living organisms  catabolism: breakdown  anabolism: build up

4. Energy transductions or conversions are limited by the laws of thermodynamics

5. Energy is transferred or converted  food converted to fat  light and CO 2 make sugar

6. Measured in kilocalories  amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 lit of water one degree Celsius

7. Energy then, is related to the ability to perform work

8. Can measure the capacity for maximal work capacity in man  via exercise physiology

9. 1 st law of thermodynamics:  energy is neither created nor destroyed  it is converted or transformed from one form to another

10. Energy can be categorized as  potential energy (amount of energy in canoe on top of falls) –can be light, electric, or bound  kinetic energy (amount of energy in canoe at the bottom of falls) –energy of motion

11. Energy-releasing and Energy- conserving processes  must be coupled  exergonic processes release or “frees” energy –downhill  endergonic processes release of “store” energy –uphill

12. Transfer of potential energy is unidirectional, to kinetic energy, lowering the energy to do work

13. This parallels the second law of thermodynamics:  potential energy gradually decreases, entrophy increases  the reactions in the body move towards spontaneity, disorder, and randomness

14. Energy conversions  photosynthesis  respiration (part of energy converted can be utilized for different work in the human body)

15. Biologic work in humans: Bioenergetics  mechanical (muscle contraction)  chemical (biosynthesis of cellular molecules)  transport (concentrating chemicals in intra and extracellular fluids)

16. Factors affecting the rate of bioenergetics:  enzymes  coenzymes  mass action  temperature

17. Hydrolysis and Condensation  hydrolysis: complex organic molecules are catabolized to simpler forms for assimilation  condensation: molecule of water is formed in this anabolic process

18. Oxidation and Reduction rxns  oxidation: transfer of either oxygen or hydrogen atoms, or electrons –loss of electrons, gain of valence –oxidizing agent is electron acceptor  reduction: gain of either oxygen or hydrogen atoms, or elctrons –gain of electrons, loss of valence –reducing agent is electron donor  together are called redox reaction

19. e.g.  NAD to NADH + H or FAD to FADH 2

20. Energy Expenditure Measurements:  Direct –bomb calorimetry  Indirect –closed circuit –open circuit

21. ATP, energy currency of the body  stores small amounts, 85g or 3 oz  intermediate compound  part of energy receiver-energy donor cycle  all energy can be transformed or converted to ATP equivalents  ATP equivalent is the energy differential in the conversion of ATP to ADP, and vice versa

22. Cleaving of ATP  the cleaving of ATP, hydrolysis of ATP can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen is termed nonaerobic