1. Light Microscopy
By: Nicole Sullivan

2. Modern Light Microscope
Operate with visible light
Two magnifying lenses and a variety of correcting lenses
High magnification and clarity

3. Compound Microscope First lens focuses the image onto the second lens
Second lens magnifies the image and focuses it on the back of the eye
A compound microscope is one that magnifies in stages using several lenses
Note: Compound microscopes can resolve structures that are separated by at least 200 nanometers.

4. Types of light microscopes
Bright-Field Microscope
Dark-Field Microscope
Phase-Contrast Microscope
Differential-Interface-Contrast Microscope
Fluorescence Microscope
Confocal Microscope

5. Bright-field microscope
Light is transmitted through specimen
Little contrast
Staining improves contrast, but requires fixed cells, which can alter components

6. Dark-field microscope
Light is directed at an angle toward specimen
A condenser lens transmits only light reflected off specimen
Field is dark, specimen is light

7. Phase-contrast microscope
Components of microscope bring light waves out of phase. This produces differences in contrast and brightness when light waves recombine

8. Differential-interference-Contrast microscope
Polarized light is split into two beams that have slightly different paths through the sample. Combining these two beams produces greater contrast.

9. Fluorescence microscope
Fluorescent stains absorb light at one wavelength and emit it at another
Filters transmit only the emitted light

10. Confocal microscope
Light from a laser is focused to a point and scanned across the fluorescently stained specimen in two directions.
Produces clear images of one plane of the specimen
Other planes are excluded to prevent blurring
Multiple planes can be used to reconstruct a 3-D image

11. Keep in mind…
Light microscopes are not powerful enough to resolve many of the structures within cells. This is due to the fact that when two objects are closer than a few hundred nanometers, the light beams reflecting from the two images start to overlap each other.