1. HYBRID VEHICLES Toyota Prius Honda Civic
Small and fuel-efficient gas engine
Electric motor to assist underpowered gas engine
Regenerative braking
Engine shutdown at stops

2. CHEVY VOLT - First “plug-in hybrid”
able to drive 35 miles using only battery-powered electric motor
unlimited range with gas engine (and refillable gas tank)
Electric drive motor: 150 hp – turns the wheels
1.4L Gasoline engine: 80 hp – turns the wheels and
recharges the batteries which power the electric motor

3. CHEVY VOLT – First plug-in hybrid
Commute (~35 miles/charge) gas-free and tailpipe emissions-free for about $1.50 of electricity per day.
On-board gas-powered generator creates enough electricity to power the Volt for up to 344 miles/tank of gasoline.

4. CHEVY VOLT – First plug-in hybrid
Regenerative braking captures energy of forward motion and converts it into electricity.
Volt can reach a top speed of 100 mph in all-electric mode in near silence.

5. CHEVY VOLT First plug-in hybrid
16-kWh lithium-ion battery pack is backed by an 100,000 mile/8-year warranty
Lithium-ion cells outperform nickel metal hydride cells (found in today's hybrids) in life cycle
Batteries fully charge in ~10 hours with 120-volt line, or ~4 hours using a 240-volt line

6. Plug-in hybrid gas-electric vehicles are about to reach the market, eg
Plug-in hybrid gas-electric vehicles are about to reach the market, eg., the Chevy Volt. The Volt can travel 35 miles electric only using its battery, and with its gas engine can travel another 344 miles on 9.3 gallons of gasoline in its fuel tank. The batteries recharge in 4 hours at 240 volts, and use 36 kWh to move the car 100 miles. One gallon of gasoline (costing $3.75) contains energy equivalent to 33.7 kWh of electricity, and electricity costs an average of 10 cents/kWh.

7. A) Estimate the reduction in gallons of gasoline burned per year that you would achieve by switching to a plug-in hybrid gas-electric car, i.e., the Volt, assuming the following: (1) you will drive your Volt 30 miles per day on weekdays, 75 miles on Saturday and 30 miles on Sunday; (2) your present vehicle gets 25 MPG, the average mileage for a car in the U.S.; and (3) you drive your current gas-only car the same number of miles as you will drive your Volt.
B) How much more or less would it cost in one year to drive the Volt compared to the “average” U.S. automobile?

8. A) VOLT: weekdays - 30x5=150; Sat. – 35 electric, 40 gas; Sun
A) VOLT: weekdays - 30x5=150; Sat. – 35 electric, 40 gas; Sun. – 30 electric
215 electric (no gas), 40 mi on gas miles/9.3 gal = mpg
40mi/36.99 mpg = 1.1 gal/week x 52 = 56.2 gal/yr
GAS CAR: 255 miles/25 mpg = 10.2 gal/wk x 52 = gal/yr
530.4 – 56.2 = 474 gal/yr SAVED
B) VOLT: 100 miles/36kWh = 2.77 mi/kWh
215 mi/2.77 = 77.4 kWh/wk x 52 = kWh/yr x $0.10 = $402.48/yr electricity
56.2 gal/yr x $3.75/gal = $ gasoline TOTAL COST = $613.23
GAS CAR: gal x $3.75/gal = TOTAL COST = $1,989.00
SAVE $ /yr

9. C) There is a concern that switching to electricity for our transportation fuel will produce as much or more CO2 than burning gasoline since 67% of our electricity comes from fossil fuels. If burning one gallon of gas produces 20 kg of CO2, and assuming that the current mix of fuels burned to make electricity emits 0.6 kg of CO2 per kWh delivered, determine whether or not driving a Volt as described above would increase or reduce your carbon footprint (and by how many kg of CO2) if you were currently driving the “typical” U.S. automobile described in (A).

10. C) Determine difference in CO2 emissions between Chevy Volt plug-in gas-electric hybrid and standard gas-only car getting 25 MPG.
ASSUMPTIONS:
Volt – driven 30 miles per weekday and on Sunday, driven 75 miles on Saturday, goes 35 miles per charge, uses .36 kWh per mile, can go 344 miles on 9.3 gallons in gas tank, charges overnight
Standard car – driven same total miles per week as Volt, gets 25 MPG
Gasoline – burning one gallon of gas produces 20 kg of CO2
Electricity - producing and delivering one kWh of electricity releases 0.6 kg CO2
VOLT: electric - drives (6x30) + 35 = 215mi x 52 = 11,180 mi
11,180 mi x .36 kg CO2/mi = 4025 kWh x .6 kg CO2/kWh = 2415 kg CO2
gas – drives 40 miles at rate of (344mi/9.3gal=) 37 MPG, uses 1.08 gal
1.08 gal/wk x 52 = 56.2 gal/yr x 20 kg CO2/gal = 1124 kg CO2
total CO2 produced in one year = = 3539 kg CO2/yr.
GAS CAR:
drives (6 x 30) + 75 = 255mi/wk x 52 = miles/25 MPG = gal/yr.
530.4 gal x 20 kg CO2/gal = 10,608 kg CO2/yr.
DIFFERENCE: 10,608 kg – 3,539 kg = 7,069 kg CO2/yr. SAVED