1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 1 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-42428-7 Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders

2. 2 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 The medical model takes a “disease” view, while psychology sees psychological disorder as an interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and behavioral factors What is Psychological Disorder?

3. 3 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 What is Psychological Disorder? Psychopathology – Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals Synonymous terms include: Mental illness Mental disorder Psychological disorder

4. 4 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 What is Psychological Disorder? Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder Hallucinations Delusions Severe affective disturbances

5. 5 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 DistressMaladaptiveness IrrationalityUnpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Indicators of Abnormality Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment

6. 6 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder : The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others

7. 7 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, the do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior

8. 8 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 How are Psychological Disorders Classified? The most widely used system, found in the DSM- IV, classifies disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms

9. 9 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Overview of DSM-IV Classification System DSM-IV – Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States Neurotic disorder or neurosis Psychotic disorder or psychosis

10. 10 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Mood Disorders Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression Mania – Pathologically excessive elation or manic excitement Depression – Pathological sadness or despair

11. 11 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Mood Disorders Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with mania Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight

12. 12 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces

13. 13 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Anxiety Disorders Phobia or phobic disorder – Disorder involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors

14. 14 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors Tics – Unwanted involuntary movements and twitches, such as exaggerated eye blinks

15. 15 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause

16. 16 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Somatoform Disorders Glove Anesthesia

17. 17 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease

18. 18 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality

19. 19 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

20. 20 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

21. 21 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

22. 22 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

23. 23 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure

24. 24 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Schizophrenic Disorders Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions

25. 25 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Positive Negative

26. 26 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Major Types of Schizophrenia Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior Residual Type

27. 27 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Major Types of Schizophrenia Involves stupor or extreme excitement Residual Type

28. 28 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Major Types of Schizophrenia Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations Residual Type

29. 29 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Major Types of Schizophrenia Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories Residual Type

30. 30 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Major Types of Schizophrenia Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms Residual Type

31. 31 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia Major Types of Schizophrenia Any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations)

32. 32 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia Major Types of Schizophrenia Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes

33. 33 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry Diathesis-stress hypothesis – Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder

34. 34 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality Disorders Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control

35. 35 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality Disorders Narcissistic personality disorder – Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention

36. 36 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality Disorders Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others

37. 37 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior

38. 38 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Mild depression Physical complaints Marital problems Academic problems Parent-child problems BereavementMalingering Job problems

39. 39 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Shyness Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder

40. 40 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Developmental Disorders Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder

41. 41 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Developmental Disorders Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period

42. 42 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise What are the Consequences of Labeling People?

43. 43 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 The Plea of Insanity Insanity – A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law

44. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 44 End of Chapter 12